Редакционная заметка
Sherzodhon Mahmudov, Head of the “Department of Medieval History”, Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan Shahrisabz, renowned for its rich past, cultural heritage, and historical monuments, holds an important place in Uzbek statehood history. The name Shahrisabz, meaning «Green city», has been in use since the 15th century. Prior to that, it was known as Kesh, a term denoting a settlement or house.…
SHAHRISABZ – A GREEN
AND POWERFUL CITY
Sherzodhon Mahmudov, Head of the “Department of Medieval History”, Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan Shahrisabz, renowned for its rich past, cultural heritage, and historical monuments, holds an important place in Uzbek statehood history. The name Shahrisabz, meaning «Green city», has been in use since the 15th century. Prior to that, it was known as Kesh, a term denoting a settlement or house. The city has a unique historical feature: 22 km east of it, on the banks of the Tanhoz River in Achighi village, was the birthplace of the great Amir Timur in 1336. ko‘rgan odam hayratdan yoqa ushlab qoladi. Oqsaroyning o‘rtasida favvorali hovuz, dam oladigan o‘rindiqlar, daraxtlar soya tashlab turgan kattakon maydon bor. Bu maydon shu qadar katta ediki, ta’rifi uchun til ojiz qoladi” deya hayajonini yashirolmagani ham bor gap. Negaki, Oqsaroy qarorgohi balandligi, murakkab muhandislik uslubi, rangli koshinlar, parcha bezaklar va oltin suslamalar ishlatilishi bilan o‘z davrida o‘xshashi yo‘qligi jihatidan nafaqat turkiy dunyoda, balki jahondagi eng yirik, mahobatli va muhtasham inshooti bo‘lgan. Ko‘k Gumbaz masjidini 1435-yili Ulug‘bek (1394 – 1449) otasi – temuriylar sulolasi yetakchisi Shohrux (1377 – 1447) sharafiga qurdirgan. Ko‘k Gumbaz masjidi Dor ut- tilovat me’moriy majmuasining mukammal va mantiqiy yakuniga aylangandi. Masjid devorlarida olovda pishirilgan qizil va oq g‘ishtlar ishlatilgan, ular ustiga naqshli sopoldan yasalgan ko‘k sirlangan koshinlar, chiroyli naqqoshlik va bezaklar tushirilgan. Bezaklar asosan oq, ko‘k va boshqa sokin, iliq ranglardan iborat. Ko‘k gumbaz Amir Temurning Oqsaroyi ortko‘rinishida mahobatli va go‘zal tuyulishi uchun Ulug‘bek qurilish ishlariga matematiklarni ham jalb qilgan. Ular masjid balandligi, tayanch minoralar va ichki katta o‘tog‘lar o‘lchamlarini aniq hisoblab chiqishlari kerak edi. Shu bilan birga, inshoot Shamsiddin Kulol maqbarasiga teng qismli bo‘lishi va 46 metrlik gumbaz yuz yillar mobaynida muhtasham va bardavom tura olishi kerak edi. Masjid ichida gumbaz tomiga olib chiquvchi to‘rtta aylana zina bor. Bu ko‘hna inshootning ko‘k koshin bilan qoplangan gumbazi, peshtoqining o‘ng va chap tomonidagi ustunlari, boloxonasi buzilib ketgan. Binoga sharqdan peshtoq (ravog‘ining kengligi 10 metr) orqali kiriladi. Peshtog‘ida serjilo handasiy bezaklar ko‘p ishlatilgan. Ustunlarida, asosiy ravoq va qanoslarida gulli sopollardan foydalanilgan. Xonaqoh (12,7 ×12,7 metr) tashqi poy gumbazida moviy, ko‘k va oq rangli bezaklar orasiga Qur’on oyatlari bitilgan. Ichki qismidagi sakkiz mayda ravoqcha teng tomon to‘rtburchak shaklidagi qalqonsimon bag‘allar bilan o‘zaro birlashtirilgan who sees the palace is left in awe. In the center of Oqsaroy, there is a fountain pond, resting places, and large open spaces shaded by trees. This courtyard is so vast that words fail to fully describe it”, he marveled. Indeed, the height of the Oqsaroy residence, its complex engineering, colorful mosaics, decorative carvings, and gilded embellishments made it an unparalleled structure of its time, not only in Turkestan but also among the largest, most magnificent, and grandiose buildings in the world. The Kok Gumbaz Mosque was built in 1435 in honor of Ulug‘bek (1394–1449), the father of Shahrukh (1377–1447), the leader of the Timurid dynasty. The Kok Gumbaz Mosque was intended to become the perfect and logical culmination of the Dor ut-Tilovat architectural complex. The mosque walls were constructed using fire-baked red and white bricks, topped with glazed blue tiles decorated with intricate patterns, fine carvings, and ornaments. The decorations mainly consisted of white, blue, and other calm, warm colors. To make the Kok Gumbaz appear magnificent and beautiful, similar to Amir Temur’s Oqsaroy, Ulugh bek involved mathematicians in the construction work. They needed to precisely calculate the height of the mosque, the dimensions of the supporting minarets, and the internal large domes. At the same time, the structure was supposed to be of equal size to Shamsiddin Kulol’s mausoleum, and the 46-meter dome had to be durable and resilient over the centuries. Inside the mosque, there are four circular stairs leading to the dome roof. The dome, covered with blue tiles, the columns on the right and left sides of the facade, and the balcony of this old structure are damaged. The building is entered from the east through the facade (the width of the porch is 10 meters). The facade is decorated with a lot of serjilo handasian ornaments. Floral ceramics were used on the columns, main porch, and lintels. The prayer hall (12.7 x 12.7 meters) has Qur’anic verses inscribed among blue, white, and other colored decorations on the external spherical dome. The interior is Hovli o‘rtasida hovuz, to‘rida gumbazli katta xona — devonxona, yonlarida maslahatchilar uchun kichik xona, hashamatli ravoqli bostirmalar, ichki tomonida haram va amirning xonasi joylashgan. Devonxona peshtog‘ida arslon va Quyosh tasviri va Amir Temur asos solgan ramzlardan biri uch halqa shaklidagi tamg‘asi bo‘lgan. Gumbaz ichi va yonlariga, burchaklardagi minoralarga koshin-g‘ishtlardan qalqon shaklidagi girih naqshlar ishlangan. Bu naqshlar silliqlangan g‘isht va feruza rangli temir mahkamlagichga yozilgan kufiy xatlar yo‘g‘on ko‘k belboqqa o‘xshash bo‘lgan. Ranglarning oy yorug‘ida jilolanib oqarib ko‘rinishidan bino Oqsaroy deb nomlangan. 15-yuzyillik boshida Oqsaroyda shaxsan bo‘lgan Kastiliya elchisi Rui Gonsales de Klavixo “Muhtasham saroyga baland, bahaybat darvozadan kirib boriladi. Ko‘shklari suratlar bilan bezatilgan. Barcha xonalar oltin suvi yuritilgan holda jilolantirilgan. Saroyni (reception hall), small rooms for advisors, luxurious terraces, and inside, the hall and the ruler’s chamber. The dewankhana portal features images of lions and the Sun and a symbol of Amir Timur, a ring of three interconnected circles. The interior of the dome and its corners are decorated with honeycomb-shaped girih patterns made of glazed bricks and turquoise-colored metal clamps. These patterns, with their smooth, polished bricks and Kufic inscriptions, resemble a deep blue sky. From the moonlight, the building appears to shimmer and glow, which led to its being called Oqsaroy. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Castilian envoy Rui Gonzales de Clavijo described Oqsaroy as follows: “Access is through a high, majestic gate. The halls are decorated with paintings. All rooms are illuminated with flowing gold water. Anyone order, it was built over a burial site belonging to the Sayyids. The mausoleum has a square shape with outer dimensions of 9 by 9 meters and internal measurements of 5.75 by 5.75 meters. The dome is covered with an octagonal multi-faceted roof. Between the intricate and Islamic patterns on the dome, Kufic inscriptions are inscribed. There are two rows of arch-like niches on the interior walls of the mausoleum, with corner openings and wide shelves installed above them. Inside the walls, there are hexagonal and twelve-sided girih decorations. The central hall of the mausoleum’s tomb contains a decorated panel with a blue, six-ribbed ornament. Its walls are adorned with delicate paintings in red and blue colors. The entrance door of the mausoleum is decorated with exquisite carvings. The tombstones inside the mausoleum date back to the 15th to the 18th centuries bear the names of Sayyids. For this reason, the mausoleum is called “Sayyidlar Dome”. Therefore, Shahrisabz stands out as a distinctive part of Turan’s cultural heritage. This city, which has historically been a site of active historical processes, reached a new level of significance and elevated status in the 14th and 15th centuries as a result of the creative ideas of Amir Temur and the successors of the Timurid dynasty. The majestic structures built there, unparalleled in the world, have continued to add grace, grandeur, and beauty to the city over subsequent centuries. Justly, as a result of this great development, the historical monuments erected in this city are considered an integral part of world culture. majmuasi tarkibiga kiradi. U majmuaning janubiy qismida, Ko‘k gumbaz masjidining qarama-qarshi tomonida joylashgan. 1437 – 1438-yillari Ulug‘bek buyrug‘iga ko‘ra sayyidlar sulolasiga tegishli bo‘lgan qabriston o‘rniga bunyod etilgan. Maqbara chortoq tarhli bo‘lib, tashqi o‘lchami 9 x 9 metrni, ichki tomoni esa 5,75 x 5,75 metrni tashkil etadi. Poygumbazi sakkiz qirrali ko‘pburchak shakldagi gumbaz bilan qoplangan. Poygumbazidagi girih va islimiy naqshlar orasida kufiy yozuvlar bitilgan. Maqbara ichki devorlaridagi ravoqlar jami ikki qatordan joylashgan bo‘lib, ustidagi burchaklarda tuynuk va keng tokchalar joylashtirilgan. Devordagi davrapoyalar ichida o‘n ikki va olti burchakli girixlar uchraydi. Gumbazi sayyidon maqbarasidagi markaziy zalining sahn qismi ko‘k rangli oltiburchakli bezakli lavhalar bilan jihozlangan. Devorlarida qizil va ko‘k rangdagi, nafis rasmlar bilan bezaklangan. Maqbaraning kirish eshigi nafis o‘ymakorlik bezaklari bilan naqshlangan. Maqbara ichidagi sag‘analar 15-18 yuzyilliklarga oid bo‘lib, ularda termizlik sayyidlarning nomlari yozilgan. Shu sababli ham, maqbara Sayyidlar gumbazi nomini olgan. Demak, Turon madaniy merosida Shahrisabz alohida ajralib turadi. Qadimdan tarixiy jarayonlar faol kechgan bu shahar 14 – 15-yuzyilliklarda Amir Temur va temuriylar sulolasi vakillarining bunyodkorlik g‘oyalarining samarasi o‘laroq sifat jihatidan yangi bosqichga chiqdi va yanada yuksaldi. Unda qurilgan, dunyoda o‘xshashi yo‘q mahobatli inshootlar keyingi yuzyilliklar davomida ham shaharga fayz, haybat va ko‘rkamlik qo‘shib turdi. Haqli ravishda ulkan yuksalish samarasi o‘laroq bu shaharda bunyod etilgan tarixiy obidalar dunyo madaniyatining ajralmas qismi hisoblanadi. va ravoq shaklidagi 16 tayanchiq bilan mustahkamlangan. Dor us-saodatning bir qismi bo‘lgan Jahongir maqbarasi (1379 – 1380) – urganchlik me’morlar Xorazm an’anasi uslubida bunyod etgan deb taxmin qilinadi. Bu yerda dastlab Amir Temurning o‘g‘illari Jahongir (1356 – 1376) va Umar Shayx (1356 – 1394) dafn etilganlar. Maqbara murakkab yechimdagi peshtoqli majmuaning dastlabki binolaridan biri sanaladi. Maqbaraning gumbazi sakkiz qirrali kulohiy qubba shaklida, poygumbazi ham 16 qirrali, bezaklarida sirlangan g‘isht va koshinlar ishlatilgan. Majmua uchta qismidan iborat: Jahongirning qabri, Hazrati Imom masjidi va Amir Temur maqbarasi. 1376-yili Amir Temur tomonidan Jahongirga atab qurdirilgan maqbara keyinroq oilaviy katta maqbara ichiga kiritilgan. Xona ohaktosh bilan qoplangan bo‘lib, arkali o‘yma tokchalar bo‘ylab Qur’ondan olingan, foniy dunyoning bekorligi va boqiy dunyoning g‘olibligi to‘g‘risidagi oyatlar o‘yib ishlangan. Masjid va Jahongirning maqbarasiga yaqin joyda Amir Temur uchun mo‘ljallangan go‘rxona saqlanib qolgan. Dor ut-tilovat majmuasi. Dor ut-tilovat – Qur’on tilovat qilinadigan joy ma’nosini anglatib, Temuriylar davriga oid ziyoratgoh hisoblanadi. Ushbu majmua 14-yuzyillik oxiri – 15-yuzyillik boshlarida barpo qilingan. Majmua Ko‘k gumbaz masjidi, Shayx Shamsiddin Kulol (vafoti 1360-yil) va Gumbazi Sayidon mozori masjidini o‘z ichiga olgan. Dor ut-tilovatning umumiy maydoni 500 x 500 metr bo‘lib, teng tomon to‘g‘ri to‘rtburchak shaklidadir. Amir Temurning pirlaridan bo‘lgan Shayx Shamsiddin Kulol mozori ustida maqbara bunyod etilgan. Ulug‘bek davrida ushbu maqbara ustidan gumbazli inshoot barpo etilgan. Amir Temur davrida qurilishi boshlanib, Sohibqironning vorislari Shohrux va Ulug‘bek tomonidan qo‘shimcha inshootlar barpo etilishi bunyodkorlik ishlarida mukamallikni ta’minlash masalasi asosiy o‘rinda turganligini ifoda qiladi. Bu esa temuriylar sulolasidagi boshqaruv mahorati bilan ham bog‘liqdir. Gumbazi Sayyidon Dor ut-tilovat connected by eight smaller arches, linked by square-shaped shields with carved patterns, and supported by 16 ribbed columns. The Jahanagir Mausoleum, part of the Dor us-Saodat complex (1379-1380), is believed to have been built in the tradition of Khorezmian architecture by Urganch builders. It was initially the burial site for Amir Temur’s sons, Jahanagir (1356–1376) and Umar Shaykh (1356–1394). The mausoleum is considered one of the earliest structures with a complex portal composition. Its dome is octagonal and shaped like a Khulaba dome, with the tomb’s spherical part also eight-sided, decorated with glazed bricks and tiles. The complex consists of three main parts: Jahanagir’s tomb, the Hazrati Imam Mosque, and Amir Temur’s mausoleum. The mausoleum, constructed in 1376 by Amir Temur for Jahanagir, was later incorporated into a larger family mausoleum. The chamber is faced with limestone, with arched cornices along which are inscribed Qur’anic verses about the vanity of the worldly life and the victory of the eternal world. Near the mosque and Jahanagir’s mausoleum, remains of a ghorkhona (royal reception hall) built for Amir Temur have been preserved. The Dor ut-Tilovat complex, meaning “The Place of Qur’anic Recitation“, is a pilgrimage site associated with the Timurid era. It was built at the end of the 14th century to early 15th century. The complex includes the Kok Gumbaz Mosque, Sheikh Shamsiddin Kulol (died in 1360), and the Gumbazi Sayyid Mausoleum. The total area of Dor ut-Tilovat is 500 by 500 meters, forming a perfect square. A mausoleum was built over Sheikh Shamsiddin Kulol’s shrine, a Timurid ancestor. During Ulug‘bek’s reign, a domed structure was erected over this mausoleum. The construction was initially started during Amir Temur’s time, with additional buildings added later by his successor rulers, Shohrukh and Ulugh Bek, reflecting their mastery in governance and architecture. Gumbazi Sayyidon is a part of Dar ut- Tilawat complex. It is located in the southern part of the complex, opposite the Kok Gumbaz Mosque. Constructed in 1437–1438 at Ulugh Bek’s mustahkam zamin bo‘lib xizmat qilishi shubhasizdir. Xalqimizning yaratuvchilik qobiliyati bilan bunyod etilgan ana shunday noyob merosni ilmiy asosda har tomonlama chuqur o‘rganish, yurtimizdan yetishib chiqqan buyuk alloma va mutafakkirlarning hayoti va ilmiy-ijodiy faoliyati haqida yaxlit tasavvur uyg‘otish, ular bilan yurtdoshlarimiz va jahon jamoatchiligini keng tanishtirish, xalqaro miqyosda dinlararo va sivilizatsiyalararo muloqotni yo‘lga qo‘yish, inson qalbi va ongini egallash uchun turli xavf-xatarlar kuchayib borayotgan bugungi murakkab davrda islom dinining insonparvarlik mohiyatini ochib berish, jaholatga qarshi ma’rifat bilan kurashish, yosh avlodni insoniylik g‘oyalari, milliy g‘urur va iftixor ruhida tarbiyalash maqsadida O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyev tashabbusi bilan mintaqadagi yirik tarixiy inshoot – O‘zbekistondagi Islom sivilizatsiyasi markazi tashkil etildi. Muhtasham va ulkan binosining tamal toshi 2018-yil 15-iyunda qo‘yilgan. Milliy va chet ellik me’morlar loyihasi asosida olib borilgan qurilish ishlarida ham milliy, ham Italiya, Avstriya, Gresiya, Bolgariya, AQSh, Turkiya, Xitoy, Rossiya, Qozog‘iston, Birlashgan Arab Amirligidan keltirilgan ashyolardan foydalanildi. Majmuaning umumiy maydoni 19,1 gektar, uch qavatli bino esa 42 672 kv.metrni tashkil etadi. Bino cho‘qqisining yer sathidan balandligi – 66,9 metr. Binoning old tomonlarida Samarqand, Buxoro, Xorazm, Qo‘qon, Termiz, Toshkent, Shahrisabz va Qoraqalpog‘istonning me’moriy bezaklaridan foydalanilgan. Islom sivilizatsiyasi markazida kutubxona, O‘zbekiston Musulmonlari idorasi va boshqa tashkilotlar joylashadilar. Markazning ko‘rgazmali bo‘limlari quyidagilardan iborat: 1. Qur’on zali (umumiy maydoni – 1 638 kvadrat metr); 2. Islomgacha bo‘lgan davr bo‘limi (umumiy maydoni – 1 190 kvadrat metr); 3. Birinchi Renessans bo‘limi (umumiy maydoni – 1 190 kvadrat metr). 4. Ikkinchi Renessans davri bo‘limi (umumiy maydoni – 1 190 kvadrat metr); generation, and, most importantly, providing a solid foundation for new discoveries. It is undoubtedly true that deep, comprehensive research into this unique heritage, built through the creative abilities of our nation, fosters a holistic understanding of the lives and scientific, creative activities of the distinguished scholars and thinkers who emerged from our land. It also helps introduce them to compatriots and the international community, encouraging interfaith and inter- civilizational dialogue at the global level, and unveiling the humanitarian essence of Islam, combating ignorance with enlightenment, and educating the younger generation in the ideas of humanity, national pride, and dignity – especially in today’s complex era where various threats are intensifying. To accomplish this, and in line with the initiative of the President of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the Center for Islamic Civilization in Uzbekistan was established as a major historical monument in Uzbekistan. The construction of grandiose and colossal building was started on June 15, 2018. During the construction based on both national and international projects, besides Uzbekistan, raw materials were brought from Italy, Austria, Greece, Bulgaria, the United States, Türkiye, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, and the United Arab Emirates. The overall area of the complex is 19.1 hectares, and the three-story building covers 42,672 square meters. The height of the building’s apex above ground level is 66.9 meters. Architectural decorations reflecting the cultural traditions of Samarkand, Bukhara, Khorezm, Kokand, Termiz, Tashkent, Shahrisabz, and Karakalpakstan have been incorporated into the front facades of the building. Center for Islamic Civilization houses a library, Uzbekistan Muslim Board, and other organizations. Exhibition sections of the center are as follows: 1. Qur’an Hall (total area – 1,638 square meters); 2. Pre-Islamic Era Section (total area – 1,190 square meters); 3. First Renaissance Section (total area – 1,190 square meters);
O‘ZBEKISTONDAGI ISLOM
SIVILIZATSIYASI MARKAZI
Dilnoza Jamolova, FA Tarix instituti direktorining ilmiy ishlar bo‘yicha o‘rinbosari, tarix fanlari doktori, professor O‘zbek xalqi, umuman, Turonning ulug‘ farzandlari tomonidan matematika, astronomiya, fizika, kimyo, geodeziya, dorishunoslik, tibbiyot kabi aniq va tabiiy fanlar, tarix, geografiya, falsafa, madaniyat va san’at, me’morchilik sohalarida yaratilgan buyuk ilmiy g‘oya va kashfiyotlar kishilik tamadduni rivojida keskin burilish yasagani yaxshi ma’lum. Ajdodlarimiz qoldirgan boy ilmiy, madaniy va ma’naviy meros butun insoniyatning ma’naviy mulki bo‘lib, keyingi har bir avlod uchun donishmandlik va bilim manbai, eng muhimi, yangi kashfiyotlar uchun
