Бухара: духовное и культурное наследие под открытым небом

BUKHARA – SPIRITUAL AND

CULTURAL HERITAGE UNDER

THE OPEN SKY

Dilnoza Jamolova, Deputy Director for Scientific Affairs of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Bukhara is a city that occupies a special place in social, political, and economic development of humanity. Its status in Turkic and Islamic world is equally unparalleled. The value of Bukhara for the Uzbek people was expressed by one of the brightest figures in the history of world enlightenment and a leading representative of the Jadid national movement of Turkestan, Abdurauf Fitrat (1886–1938), as follows: “Bukhara is our sacred homeland, Bukhara is our loving Eron xalqlari tarixi, jumladan, zardushtiylik dinining paydo bo‘lishini o‘rganishda muhim manba sanaladi. Mashhur tazkiranavis olim, adabiyotshunos va tarjimon Avfiy Buxoriy (1172 – 1233) ham Buxoro shahrida tug‘ilgan. Buxorodagi madrasada o‘qigan. 1201-yildan Buxorodagi qoraxoniylar hokimi saroyida kotiblik qilgan. Uning “Lubob ul-albob” (“Mag‘izlarning mag‘zi”), “Javome’ ul-hikoyat va javome’ ul-rivoyat” (“Hikoyatlar to‘plami va rivoyatlar jilosi”) kabi asarlari o‘ta qimmatli ilmiy-madaniy manba sanaladilar. Taniqli shoir va tazkiranavis Hasanxoja Poshshoxoja o‘g‘li Nisoriy (1516 – 1597) ham buxorolik bo‘lib, Buxoro shahrida tug‘ilgan. Turkiy va forsiyda ijod qilib, “Malik ush- shuaro” unvoniga musharraf bo‘lgan. 288 shoir haqida ma’lumotlar yig‘ilgan qimmatli manba mashhur “Muzakkiri ahbob” asarining muallifidir. Buxoro kitobchilik san’atining dovrug‘i butun olamni tutgan. Buxoro xattotlik maktabi 16-yuzyillikda shakllangan bo‘lib, 20-yuzyillik boshlariga qadar davom etgan. Buxoro kitobchilik san’atining yirik vakillari sifatida Mirali Hiraviy, Mir Ubayd Buxoriy, Mir Husayn Ko‘lankiy Buxoriy, Sayyid Abdulloh Buxoriy, Hoji Yodgor, Ahmad Donish, Sadr Ziyoni aytish mumkin. Buxoroda mashhur naqqosh va musavvirlar faoliyat yuritganlar. Ulardan biri Mahmud Muzahhib (15-yuzyillikning oxiri – 16-yuzyillik 60-yillarida yashagan) buyuk rassom Kamoliddin Behzodning (1455 – 1535) shogirdi bo‘lib, Buxoro miniatyura maktabi asoschisi sanaladi. Ijodi Hirotda boshlangan. Rassom Do‘st Devona (15-yuzyillikning oxiri – 16-yuzyillik boshlarida yashagan) va xattot Sultonali Mashhadiy (1437 – 1520) bilan hamkorlik qilgan. U yaratgan naqsh, tasvir, minatyuralar bugun Lissabondagi K. Gulbekyan, Londondagi Keyr, Parijdagi Milliy kutubxona, Ye. de Lorey, Nyu-Yorkdagi Kevorkyan, Istanbul, Mashhaddagi Ostoni Quds to‘plamlarida saqlanmoqda. Insoniyat nomoddiy madaniy merosi ro‘yxatiga kirgan mashhur shashmaqom ham Buxoroda paydo bo‘lgan va olti maqom – buzruk, rost, navo, dugoh, segoh, iroq dan tashkil topgan. 250 dan ortiq turli shakldagi The well-known poet and tazkirah writer Ha san Khoja Poshshokhoja oghli Nisari (1516–1597) was also a native of Bukhara. He wrote in Turkic and Persian and was honored with the title Malik ush-Shuara (“King of Poets”). He is the author of the famous Muzakkiri Ahbab, a valuable source containing information on 288 poets. The fame of Bukhara’s bookmaking art spread across the world. The Bukhara school of calligraphy developed in the 16th century and continued until the early 20th century. Major representatives of Bukhara’s book arts include Mir Ali Hirawi, Mir Ubayd Bukhari, Mir Husayn Kolanki Bukhari, Sayyid Abdulloh Bukhari, Hoji Yodgor, Ahmad Donish, and Sadr Ziyo. Famous carvers and painters worked in Bukhara. One of them, Mahmud Muzahhib (late 15th century–1560s), was a disciple of the great painter Kamaliddin Behzad (1455–1535) and is considered the founder of the Bukhara miniature school. His career began in Herat. He collaborated with the painter Dast Dewana (late 15th century–early 16th century) and the calligrapher Sultan Ali Mashhadi (1437– 1520). The patterns, images, and miniatures he created are now stored in collections in Lisbon (K. Gülbekyan), London (Keir), the National Library in Paris, the E. de Lory collection, the Kevorkian collection in New York, and collections in Istanbul and Mashhad (Astan Quds). The famous Shashmaqom, included in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, also originated in Bukhara; it consists of six maqams — Buzruk, Rust, Navo, Dugoh, Segoh, and Iroq. It includes over 250 different melodic and vocal pieces, transmitted primarily orally from generation to generation in the master- apprentice tradition. Bukhara has long been famous for its decorative arts. It is said that during the Arab invasion the renowned Bukhara ruler Qabaj Khatun (7th century) resisted strongly and that one of her embroidered boots was valued at 200,000 dirhams. The boot was embroidered with gold and silver threads and adorned with precious stones. Buxoro she’riyat vatani hamdir. Fors she’riyati asoschisi o‘laroq tanilgan Abu Abdullo Ja’far Rudakiy (858 – 941) Turon farzandi bo‘lgan. 914 – 943-yillari o‘zbek davlatini boshqargan Nasr ibn Mansurning unga bo‘lgan alohida hurmati natijasida Turon va Eronning eng iqtidorli va hurmatli shoiriga aylangan. Shuningdek, u o‘z davrining eng boy kishilaridan biri sanalgan. Uzoq yillar oliy hukmdor saroyida shoirlarga boshchilik qilgan Rudakiy 100 000 baytdan iborat adabiy meros yaratgan. Biroq bizgacha uning 1000 bayt asari (2 qasida, 50 ruboiy, she’r va dostonlari) yetib kelgan. Abulqosim Firdavsiyning (934 – 1024) ustozi bo‘lgan Abu Mansur Muhammad Ahmad Daqiqiy (956 – 980) ijodining eng gullab- yashnagan pallasi ham Buxoroda kechgani ma’lum. Somoniylardan Mansur ibn Nuh (961 – 976) va Abulqosim Nuh ibn Mansur (976 – 997) saroyida xizmat qilgan. Sharq adabiyotida mavjud lirikaning barcha janrlarida she’rlar yozgan. Abulqosim Nuh ibn Mansur topshirig‘i bilan birinchi bo‘lib “Shohnoma” asarini yozishga kirishadi. Ammo 1000 baytdan iborat “Arjasp va Gushtasp” dostonini yozib tugatgan paytda 980 yili o‘z g‘ulomi tomonidan o‘ldiriladi. Keyinchalik Abulqosim Firdavsiy bu dostonni o‘z “Shohnoma”siga kiritgan. Daqiqiy “Shohnoma”si Turon va course of medical science. The entirely new system of medical education and treatment created by the great Uzbek scholar served as a foundation for the entire world, including Europe, until the 17th century. Bukhara is also the homeland of poetry. Abu Abdullah Jafar Rudaki (858–941), recognized as the founder of Persian poetry, was a son of Turan. During the reign of Nasr ibn Mansur (who ruled the Uzbek state from 914 to 943), Rudaki received special patronage and became the most talented and respected poet of Turan and Iran. He was also one of the wealthiest people of his time. Rudaki, who led poets at the royal court for many years, produced a literary legacy of 100,000 couplets. However, only about 1,000 couplets (including two odes, 50 rubais, poems, and epics) have reached us. Abu Mansur Muhammad Ahmad Daqiqi (956–980), the teacher of Abu Qasim Ferdowsi (934–1024), is known to have experienced his most flourishing creative period in Bukhara. He served at the courts of the Samanids Mansur ibn Nuh (961–976) and Abu Qasim Nuh ibn Mansur (976–997). He wrote poetry in all lyrical genres in Eastern literature. At the behest of Abu Qasim Nuh ibn Mansur he became the first to begin writing an epic on the history of kings, and while completing his 1,000-couplet poem “Arjasp and Gushtasp”, he was killed by his slave in 980. Later, Abu Qasim Ferdowsi incorporated this poem into his Shahnameh. Daqiqi’s Shahnameh is considered an important source to study the history of the peoples of Turan and Iran, including the origins of Zoroastrianism. Famous tazkirah writer, literary scholar, and translator Awfi Bukhari (1172–1233) was also born in the city of Bukhara. He studied at a madrasa in Bukhara and from 1201 served as a scribe in the court of the Qarakhanid ruler in Bukhara. His works, such as Lubab al-Albab (“The Essence of Essences”) and Jawami‘ al-Hikayat wa Jawami‘ al-Riwayat (“A Collection of Stories and Compilations of Narratives”), are highly valuable scholarly and cultural sources. Chingizxon 1220-yili Buxoroni bosib olganda uning mudofaa devorlarini buzib tashlagan. Buxoro xoni Abdullaxon (1583 – 1598) davriga kelib shahar devorlarining so‘nggi ko‘rinishi paydo bo‘lgan. 19-yuzyillikda Buxoro shahri devorining uzunligi 12 km, balandligi 10 metr, asosining qalinligi 5 metrni tashkil etgan. Devorning yuqori qismida kengligi 2 metrga teng o‘tish joylari bo‘lib, ulardan mudofaa qurollarini tashish uchun foydalanganlar. Devorning 116 ta kichik minorachasi va 11 ta ikki minorali darvozalari bo‘lgan. 19-yuzyillik ikkinchi yarmida shaharda quyidagi darvozalar bo‘lgan: Hazrati Imom, Samarqand, Fayzobod, Bahouddin, Qarshi, Qavola Mahmud, Sallohxona, Qorako‘l, Shergiron, Talipoch, O‘g‘lon. Ayrim manbalarda Buxoroning Mozori Sharif deb atalgan o‘n ikkinchi darvozasi bo‘lgani aytiladi. Arslonxon minorasi. 1102 – 1130-yillari o‘zbek davlatini boshqargan Arslonxon tomonidan 1127-yili qurdirilgan. Turkiston mintaqasidagi eng yirik va baland minora. Poydevori tosh va maxsus qir qotishmasidan terilgan. Yer sathidan 9 m chuqur, balandligi 50 m, kursisi qirrador, was 5 meters. The top part of the wall had passages of two meters wide that were used for mobilizing defensive weapons. The wall had 116 small towers and 11 double-towered gates. In the second half of the 19th century, the city had the following gates: Hazrati Imam, Samarkand, Fayzobod, Bahauddin, Qarshi, Qavola Mahmud, Sallokhona, Qorakol, Shergiron, Talipoch, and Oghlon. Some sources mention a twelfth gate called Mazar-i Sharif. The Arslankhan Minaret. Built in 1127 by Arslan Khan, who ruled the Uzbek state from 1102 to 1130; it is the largest and tallest minaret in Turkestan region. Its foundation is made of stone and a special mixture for binding. It is 9 meters deep from the ground, 50 meters high, with a faceted base, a cylindrical tapered body, and a domed top connected to a circular lantern pavilion. The minaret tapers upward and ends with muqarnas. There was a small bridge from the Kalan Mosque to the minaret. Great Mosque (Kalan Mosque) was built in the 14th–15th centuries on the site of an ancient congregational mosque that had been constructed in the 8th–9th and 12th kuy va ashula namunalaridan iborat bo‘lib, asosan og‘zaki tarzda avloddan-avlodga ustoz-shogird an’anasida o‘tib kelgan. Buxoro qadimdan bezak san’ati bilan ham dovrug‘ qozonib kelgan. Arablar bosqiniga qattiq qarshilik ko‘rsatgani bilan taniqli Buxoro malikasi Qabaj Xotunning (7-yuzyillik) zardo‘zi etigining bir poyi 200 000 dirhamga baholangan. Etik tilla va kumush simlar bilan kashtalangan hamda qimmatbaho toshlar bilan bezatilgan bo‘lgan. 20-yuzyillik boshlarida Buxoroda 350 zardo‘zi usta faoliyat ko‘rsatgani ma’lum. Buxoroda yaratilgan zardo‘zi buyumlarning (to‘n, kamzul, chakmon, chalvor, poyabzal, belbog‘, salla, kuloh va jul) ko‘plab namunalari hozirda O‘zbekiston tarixi davlat muzeyi, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi amaliy san’at muzeyi, Buxoro me’moriy-badiiy muzey-qo‘riqxonasi va boshqa muzeylarda saqlanmoqda. Buxoroni mashhur qilgan yana bir faoliyat bu qadimdan rivojlanib kelgan zeb- ziynat va bezak buyumlari yasash maktabi. Zargarlar oltin, kumush, mis, qalay kabi rangli metallardan turli zeb-ziynat va taqinchoqlar yasashni san’at darajasiga yuksaltirganlar. Ayniqsa, oltin, dur va yoqutdan ishlangan Buxoro shibirmasi Turon xotin-qizlari o’rtasida mashhur bo’lib, ancha keng tarqalgan. Buxoro – osmon ostidagi ochiq muzey. Bunday nodir maqomga erishgan shaharlar dunyoda sanoqlidir. Hozirgi vaqtda Buxoro viloyatida 829 ta madaniy meros ob’ekti davlat muhofazasiga olingan. Oliy ark – Buxorodagi qadimgi shaharsozlik yodgorligi. Turondagi ilk hukmdorlar saroyi. Alp Er To‘nga tomonidan miloddan oldingi 8-yuzyillik boshlarida qurilgan. Keyinchalik bir necha marta qayta qurilgan va ta’mirlangan. Oliy arkning hozirgi qiyofasi asosan o‘zbek davlatini shayboniylar sulolasi boshqargan davrda, xususan, 1533 – 1601-yillari shakllangan. Ark balandligi 20 metrcha bo‘lgan tepalik ustiga qurilgan bo‘lib, tarhi ko‘pburchakli. Turli davrlarda devorlari tosh, pishiq va xom g‘isht, paxsalar bilan mustahkamlangan. Shahar devorlari va darvozalari. Buxoro shahrini mudofaa devorlari miloddan oldingi 7 – milodiy 14-yuzyillikda qurilgan. Ikki ming yildan ortiq vaqt mobaynida bir necha marta ta’mirlangan va qayta qurilgan. At the beginning of the 20th century, it is known that 350 master embroiderers were active in Bukhara. Many examples of embroidered items made in Bukhara (coats, waistcoats, robes, trousers, footwear, belts, turban, headwears , and jul) are now preserved in the State Museum of History of Uzbekistan, the Museum of Applied Arts of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Bukhara Architectural and Artistic Museum-Preserve, and other museums. Another craft that made Bukhara famous is the long-developed school of producing jewelry and ornamental items. Goldsmiths elevated the making of jewelry and ornaments from colored metals such as gold, silver, copper, and tin to the level of art. In particular, Bukhara shibirma made from gold, pearls, and rubies was popular and widespread among the women of Turan. Bukhara is an open-air museum. Cities that have achieved such a rare status are few in the world. At present, 829 cultural heritage sites in the Bukhara region are under state protection. The Citadel of Ark is an ancient monument of urban construction in Bukhara — the palace of the first rulers of Turan. It was built by Alp Er Tonga at the beginning of the 8th century BCE. It was later rebuilt and reconstructed several times. The present appearance of the Ark was largely formed during the period when the Uzbek state was ruled by the Shaybanid dynasty, in particular between 1533 and 1601. The Ark was built on a hill about 20 meters high and has a polygonal plan. In different periods its walls were reinforced with stone, baked and unbaked bricks, and clay. The city walls and gates. The defensive walls of Bukhara were constructed between the 7th century BCE and the 14th century CE. Over more than two thousand years they were repaired and rebuilt several times. When Genghis Khan captured Bukhara in 1220, he demolished its defensive walls. By the time of Bukhara Khan Abdullah Khan (1583–1598), the final appearance of the city walls had been achieved. In the 19th century the length of Bukhara’s wall measured 12 km, its height reached 10 meters, and the thickness at the base 1914 – 1916-yillari Buxoro amiri Said Olimxon (1910 – 1920) tomonidan ta’mirlanganda asl ko‘rinishi o‘zgarib, binoga kiraverishda ayvon, xonaqoh va uning yon tomonlarida ikki qavatli darveshlar yotog‘i qurilgan. Buxoro shahrining o‘ziga xos jihatlaridan biri turli davrlarda qurilgan me’moriy inshootlarning yaxlit majmuani tashkil qilgani bilan ifodalanadi. Poyi Kalon me’moriy majmuasi Arslonxon minorasi va Katta masjid hamda Mir Arab va Amir Olimxon madrasalaridan iborat bo‘lgan. Govkushon me’moriy majmuasi Jo‘ybor xojalari 1570-yili qurdirgan Govkushon madrasasi, 1598-yili barpo etilgan Xoja Kalon masjidi, Govkushon minorasi, xonaqoh, hovuz va saroydan iboratdir. Madrasa va majmuaning o‘rtasidan Shohrud arig‘i o‘tgan. Sitorai Mohi Xosa saroyi. O‘zbek davlatini boshqargan Nasrullaxon (1827 – 1860), Muzaffarxon (1860 – 1885), Abdulahadxon (1885 – 1910) va Olimxon (1910 – 1920) davrlarida qurilgan. Maydoni 6,7 gektar bo‘lib, eski saroy, g‘isht to‘shalgan 3 ta hovli va ko‘pgina xonalardan iborat. Bu yerdagi Amir Muzaffarxon mehmonxonasi keng va baland zali, ikki tomondagi boloxonali ayvonlari, yevropacha eshik va derazalari bilan ajralib turadi. Me’morchilikda Sharq va G‘arb an’analari noyob tarzda uyg‘unlashgan. Buxoro madrasalari. Kishilik tarixidagi ilk universitet 10-yuzyillik boshlarida faoliyat yuritgan va Forjak deb atalgan. 937-yilgi yong‘in oqibatida yonib ketgan. Ayrim ma’lumotlarga ko‘ra, Buxoroda madrasalar 9-yuzyillikda ham bo‘lganlar. Keyingi chog‘larda madrasalar soni ko‘payib, ta’lim sifati oshib borgan. Ularda matematika, geometriya, astronomiya, fizika, mexanika, geografiya, kimyo, tibbiyot, falsafa, ilohiyot fanlari o‘qitilgan. O‘z zamonasining taniqli olimlari dars berganlar. 20-yuzyillik boshlarida Buxoro amirligida 356 ta madrasa bo‘lgani va ularda 10000 talaba o‘qigani haqida ma’lumotlar bor. Ahmadjon po‘stindo‘z, Asiriy, Muhammad Ali Hoji, Modarixon, Abdullaxon, Mir Do‘stumbiy, Ja’farxo‘ja, Xo‘ja Abdulmalik, Chuchuk Oyim Sangin, Naqib, Xiyobon, at the entrance, and two-story dervish sleeping quarters were built on the sides of the khanaqah. One of the distinctive features of the city of Bukhara is that architectural monuments built in different periods form an integrated ensemble. The Poyi Kalon architectural complex consisted of the Arslon Khan Minaret and the Kalyan (Great) Mosque, together with the Mir Arab and Amir Olim Khan madrasahs. The Govkushon architectural complex includes the Govkushon Madrasah, built by the Joybor khodjas in 1570; the Khoja Kalan Mosque, erected in 1598; the Govkushon Minaret; a khanaqah; a pool; and a palace. The Shohrud canal ran between the madrasa and the rest of the complex. The Sitorai Mohi Khosa Palace was constructed during the reigns of Uzbek statesmen such as Nasrullah Khan (1827– 1860), Muzaffar Khan (1860–1885), Abdulahad Khan (1885–1910), and Olim Khan (1910–1920). Its area is 6.7 hectares and it comprises the old palace, three brick-paved courtyards, and numerous rooms. Amir Muzaffar Khan’s guesthouse is notable for its wide, high hall, its verandas with bolokhana-style side balconies, and its European-style doors and windows. In its architecture, Eastern and Western traditions are uniquely and harmoniously combined. Madrasahs of Bukhara. The first university in human history reportedly operated in the early 10th century and was called Forjak. It burned down as a result of a fire in 937. According to some sources, madrasahs existed in Bukhara even in the 9th century. In later periods the number of madrasahs increased and the quality of education improved. Subjects taught included mathematics, geometry, astronomy, physics, mechanics, geography, chemistry, medicine, philosophy, and theology. Renowned scholars of their time taught there. Sources indicate that at the beginning of the 20th century there were 356 madrasahs in Bukhara Emirate, where some 10,000 students studied. Ahmadjon Postindoz, Asiriy, Muhammad Ali Hoji, Modarikhon, Abdullakhon, Mir tanasi g‘o‘lasimon, tepasi gumbazli davra qafasa – ko‘shk bilan bog‘langan. Minora yuqoriga ingichkalashib boradi va muqarnas bilan tugaydi. Masjidi Kalon tomonidan minoraga o‘tiladigan ko‘prikcha bo‘lgan. Katta masjid (Masjidi Kalon) 8 – 9 va 12-yuzyilliklarda qurilgan qadimgi Jome masjidi imorati o‘rnida 14 – 15-yuzyilliklarda barpo etilgan. Asosiy qismi qoraxoniy Arslonxon davrida qurilgan. Masjidning 7 ta tashqi eshigi bo‘lib, ichida keng ayvonlar joylashgan. Namozgoh masjidi 1119-yili qoraxoniylar sulolasining yozgi qarorgohi o‘rnida pishiq g‘ishtdan uch xonali qilib barpo etilgan. Shayboniylar sulolasi davrida ta’mirlangan va qo‘shimcha uch peshayvon qurilgan. Mag‘oki attor Turkiston mintaqasida qurilgan eng qadimgi masjid. 9-yuzyillikda barpo etilgan Moh masjidi o‘rnida 12-yuzyillikda eski loyiha asosida qayta qurilgan. Masjid mag‘okda (chuqurlik) va Attorlik bozori yaqinida joylashgani sababli Mag‘oki Attoriy deb atalgan. Buxoro xoni Abdulazizxon (1540 – 1550) 1541-yili binoning yuqori qismi va gumbazlarini qayta qurdirgan. Baland masjid 16-yuzyillikda Buxoro shahrida xarsang toshlar ustiga pishiq g‘ishtdan qurilgan. Mag‘oki ko‘rpa 1637-yili ko‘rpado‘zlar guzarida ikki qavatli qilib qurilgan masjid. Birinchi qavati yer ostida bo‘lgani uchun mag‘ok, ya’ni chuqurdagi masjid, ikkinchi qavati joylashgan o‘rniga ko‘ra Ko‘rpa masjidi deyilgan. Masjidni qurgan usta uning mehrobiga ko‘milgan degan ma’lumotlar bor. Bolohovuz masjidi 1712-yili barpo etilgan. Hovli va hujralari 19-yuzyillikda, ayvon va minorasi 1915 – 1917-yillari qurilgan. Buxoro shahrida tasavvuf mashg‘ulotlari o‘tkazishga mo‘ljallangan xonaqohlar 16-yuzyillikdan ko‘plab qurila boshlangan. Fayzobod xonaqosi 1597-yili shayboniy Abdullaxon davrida Do‘stum Devonbegi tomonidan Buxoro shahrida ko‘p xonali, peshtoq gumbazli qilib qurdirilgan. Nodir devonbegi xonaqosi ashtarxoniy hukmdor Imomqulixonning (1611 – 1642) vaziri Nodir Devonbegi tomonidan 1620 – 1621-yillari qurdirilgan. Xonaqohning ikki yonidan hujralarga kiriladigan eshiklari bo‘lgan. centuries. Its main part was built during the Qarakhanid Arslan Khan period. The mosque has seven external gates and contains wide porticoes inside. The Namazgah Mosque was built in 1119 of baked brick as a three-room structure on the site of the Qarakhanid dynasty’s summer residence. It was reconstructed during the Shaybanid dynasty and an additional three front terraces were built. Maghoki Attor is the oldest mosque built in Turkistan region. It was rebuilt in the 12th century on the site of the Moh Mosque, which had been established in the 9th century, following the old design. Because the mosque is located in a pit (maghhok) and near the Attor market, it is called Maghhoki Attor. In 1541, the Khan of Bukhara, Abdulaziz Khan (1540–1550), had the upper parts of the building and its domes rebuilt. The Baland Mosque was built in the 16th century in Bukhara of baked brick laid on flagstones. The Maghoki Korpa was built in 1637 as a two-story mosque in the Korpaduzlar quarter. Because its first floor is below ground, it is called maghok, meaning a mosque in a hollow, while its second floor, by its location, is called the Korpa Mosque. There are notes that the master who built the mosque was buried in its mihrab. The Bolohovuz Mosque was erected in 1712. Its courtyard and cells were constructed in the 19th century, and its terrace and minaret were built between 1915 and 1917. From the 16th century onward, many khanaqahs (Sufi lodges) intended for spiritual practice began to be built in the city of Bukhara. The Fayzobod Khanaqah was built in 1597 in Bukhara during the reign of Shaybanid Abdullah Khan by Dostum Dewanbegi as a multi-chamber structure with a frontal dome. The Nodir Dewanbegi Khanaqah was constructed in 1620–1621 by Nodir Dewanbegi, the vizier of the Ashtarkhanid ruler Imam Quli Khan (1611–1642). The khanaqah originally had doors on both sides leading to the cells. When the Emir of Bukhara Said Olim Khan (1910–1920) had it repaired in 1914–1916, its original view changed: a portico was added Bobojon, Istemur, Mir Baqoboy, Mir Jamol, Xidirboy, Mavlavi Hasanxo‘ja, Muqimjon, Abdulazizxon, Abdushukurboy, Mirzo Ulug‘bek, Azizon, Bobo To‘qsabo, O‘g‘iloy, Qosimxo‘ja, Mavlono Sharif, Katta Xo‘ja, Mulla Ro‘zi, Shoh Axsi, Ikromxo‘ja, Mulla Sulton, Ixtiyorxon, Mirshohxo‘ja, Bahodir, Xonaqo Olimxo‘ja, Bobojonboy, Gulobod, Mirzo Fozilboy, Qozi Hasanxo‘ja, Kattaxo‘ja, Qozi Abdulhasanxo‘ja, Abdurahmonboy, Saroyi Dasht, Hayotjon, Abdulloh kotib, Abdurahmonbek, Abu Nazir Muftiy, Poyi Ostona, Kuchak, Hofiz qo‘ng‘irot, Ko‘hnai Badalbek, Miskin, Aloqabandon, Maxdixo‘ja, Xalifa Xudoydod, Mehtar Orif, Salimbekbiy Devonbegi, Mirza Haydar, Zubayda Oyim, Shayx Jalol, Saroy Oyim, Mehtar O‘roq, Yo‘ldoshboy, To‘pchiboshi, Qozi Salim, Xo‘ja Davlat, Xo‘jasaroy madrasalari ular jumlasidandir. Turkiston mintaqasidagi ilk maqbara ham Buxoro shahrida somoniylar Ismoil Somoniy (849 – 907) tomonidan qurilgan. Ismoil Somoniy maqbarasi 864 – 868-yillari Buxoro shahrida Ismoil Somoniy va uning avlodlari uchun qurilgan. Maqbarani Ismoil Somoniy otasi Ahmad ibn Asad Somoniy qabri ustiga to‘rt tomoni bir xil chordara shaklida qilib qurdirgan. Usti gumbaz bilan qoplangan, gumbaz atrofiga to‘rtta qubba o‘rnatilgan. Sayfiddin Boharziy maqbarasi 13 – 14-yuzyilliklarda Buxoro shahrining sharqiy qismidagi Fathobod mavzeida qurilgan. Maqbaraga, shayx Sayfiddin Boxarziy va uning 2 o‘g‘li – Jamoliddin Muhammad va Mazhariddin Mutahhar, shuningdek, nevarasi Abu Mufaxir Yahyo, evaralari Xovand Burhoniddin, Ruhiddin Shayx Dovudlar dafn etilganlar. Amir Temur Buxoroga tashrif buyurganda Shayx qabrini doimo ziyorat qilgan. Uning farmoni bilan maqbara obod etilib, ziyoratxona va sharqiy peshtoq qurilgan. Bugungi kunda Buxoro shahrida ko‘plab muzeylar faoliyat olib bormoqda. Ulardan eng yirigi Buxoro davlat muzey- qo‘riqxonasi bo‘lib, 1922-yili ish boshlagan. Unda Buxoro vohasining eng qadimdan bugungacha bo‘lgan davr tarixini ochib beruvchi ko‘rgazmalar o‘rin olgan. Hasanboy, Iskandarkhon Atalmish, Mulla Bobojon, Istemur, Mir Baqoboy, Mir Jamol, Khydyrboy, Mawlavi Hasan Khoja, Muqimjon, Abdulazizkhon, Abdushukurboy, Mirzo Ulughbek, Azizon, Bobo Toqsabo, Oghiloy, Qosim Khoja, Mavlono Sharif, Katta Khoja, Mulla Rozi, Shoh Akhsi, Ikrom Khoja, Mulla Sulton, Ikhtiyorkhon, Mirshoh Khoja, Bahodir, Khonaqo Olim Khoja, Bobojonboy, Gulobod, Mirzo Fozilboy, Qozi Hasan Khoja, Katta Khoja, Qozi Abdulhasan Khoja, Abdurahmonboy, Saroyi Dasht, Hayotjon, Abdulloh Kotib, Abdurahmonbek, Abu Nazir Muftiy, Poyi Ostona, Kuchak, Hofiz Qonghirot, Kohnai Badalbek, Miskin, Aloqabandon, Makhdi Khoja, Khalifa Khudoydod, Mehtar Orif, Salimbekbiy Devonbegi, Mirza Haydar, Zubayda Oyim, Shaykh Jalol, Saroy Oyim, Mehtar Oroq, Yoldoshboy, Topchiboshi, Qozi Salim, oKhoja Davlat, Khojasaroy are among the madrasahs. The first mausoleum in Turkestan region was also built in Bukhara by Ismail Samani (849–907) of the Samanid dynasty. The Ismail Samani mausoleum was constructed between 864 and 868 in Bukhara for Ismail Samani and his descendants. Ismail Samani had the mausoleum built over the grave of his father, Ahmad ibn Asad Samanid, as a four-sided structure with identical facades on all sides. It is topped by a dome, with four smaller domes arranged around it. The Sayfiddin Bokharzi mausoleum was built in the 13th–14th centuries in the Fathobod quarter in the eastern part of Bukhara. Buried there are Sheikh Sayfiddin Bokharzi and his two sons, Jamoliddin Muhammad and Mazhariddin Mutahhar, as well as his grandson Abu Mufakhir Yahyo and other descendants such as Khovand Burhoniddin, Ruhiddin, and Shaykh Dawud. When Amir Temur visited Bukhara, he always visited the Shaykh’s tomb. By his decree the mausoleum was restored, and a shrine and an eastern portal were built. Today, numerous museums are active in the city of Bukhara. The largest of them is the Bukhara State Museum-Preserve, which was opened in 1922. It houses exhibitions that reveal the history of the Bukhara oasis from ancient times to the present. Qolmoqjon Oyim, Jo‘ybori Kalon, Jo‘yborcha, Sharofatbonu, Mirkon, Miyon Is’hoq, Mir Ibrohim, Qori Vikoyatulloh, Yo‘ldosh Shahrisabziy, Muhammad Sharif, G‘oziyon, Aliy Cho‘bin, Mirza Abdulg‘affor, Tojiddin, Go‘sfand, Boloyi Hovuz, Husayn, Askarbiy, Dorushshifo, Poyandabiy, Shodimbiy, Afg‘on, Xo‘ja Bahodir, Mirjon Ali, Oxun Xovand, Chubini Abdurahmon, Murodbek, Mir Olimxon, Mir Arab, Navi Badalbek, Muhammad Nazar Parvonachi, Hoji Rahmatulloh, Rahmonqul, Do‘st Chehra oqosi, Xo‘ja Nihol, Nasriddinboy Qo‘shbegi, O‘tkir Qo‘shbegi, Hoji Zohid, Husaynboy, Mirza Hamdam, Mixtari Qofilon, Cho‘bini kappa, Hoji Boqiboy, Xo‘ja Qosim, Avazboy Arab, Boboyi Nonkash, Mirza Turdi, Boqijon Qo‘shbegi, Otaliq, Ismoilxo‘ja, Turkman, Abdurashid Afg‘on, Kuxband, Abdulhafizboy, Pushaymon, A’lam, Badriddin, Govkushon, Abdulmo‘minboy, Olimjonboy, Muhammad Aminxo‘ja, Cho‘bin Mulla Muhammad Sharif, Muhammad Yunusbiy inoq, Giribonchok, Cho‘bini Chuchukoyim, G‘arbiya, Cho‘qmoq, To‘raqulboy, Mirzabek, Eshoni Pir, Mirza Ubayd, Mulla Ernazar, Xonaqoi Devonbegi, Tursunjon otaliq, Ko‘kaldosh, Devonbegi, Qozi Latif, Sharshara, Hoji Bulg‘or, Domulla Hasan, Ibrohim Oxun, Ja’farxo‘ja Naqib, Abdunabibiy, Jannatmakoni, Rahmatulloh to‘qsabo, Hoji Jumaboy, Domulla Sher, Abdu Sami Eshon, Sayyid Aminboy Xurjun, Qori Sulton, Mulla Sayyidxo‘ja, Fozil Eshon, Muhammad Amin To‘pchiboshi, Yosh Uzoqbek, Sayyid Kamol, Abdulkarimbiy Attor, Mehtari Anbar, Qori Sayyidxo‘ja, Pochchaxo‘ja, Fatxulloh Qo‘shbegi, Xalifa Husayn, Ibodullaxo‘ja, Hoji Qurbon, Hoji Salim, Bibi Xalifa, Oxun Orifxon, Muqimxo‘ja O‘roq, Chor minor, Mulla Abdulxoliq, Hoji Qurbonxo‘ja, Mulla Yor Oxun, Abdulxalilboy, Mulla Hamro, Xovaroy, Idrisxo‘ja, Amir Nasrulloh, Boboyi Ol, Mirza Burxon, Mang‘it Oyim, Mir Jamol Zargar, Jo‘raboy, Abdushukurboy Muhammad Ali Hoji, Arabxo‘ja, Fatxullaboy Qo‘chqor Qo‘rchi, Qori Abdusalom, Sadirbiy, Xo‘ja Qurbon, Mehtarxo‘ja oqsoqol, Abdurahimbiy, Ashurjon, Xo‘ja Ulfat, Shirgaron, Shayxulislom, Aminjon Jonqut, Hasanboy, Iskandarxon Atalmish, Mulla Dostumbiy, Jafar Khoja, Khoja Abdulmalik, Chuchuk Oyim Sangin, Naqib, Khiyobon, Qolmoqjon Oyim, Joybori Kalon, Joyborcha, Sharofatbonu, Mirkon, Miyon Is’hoq, Mir Ibrohim, Qori Vikoyatulloh, Yoldosh Shahrisabziy, Muhammad Sharif, Ghoziyon, Aliy Chobin, Mirza Abdulghaffor, Tojiddin, Gosfand, Boloyi Hovuz, Husayn, Askarbiy, Dorushshifo, Poyandabiy, Shodimbiy, Afghon, Khoja Bahodir, Mirjon Ali, Okhun Khovand, Chubini Abdurahmon, Murodbek, Mir Olimkhon, Mir Arab, Navi Badalbek, Muhammad Nazar Parvonachi, Hoji Rahmatulloh, Rahmonqul, Dost Chehra oqosi, Khoja Nihol, Nasriddinboy Qoshbegi, Otkir Qoshbegi, Hoji Zohid, Husaynboy, Mirza Hamdam, Mikhtari Qofilon, Chobini kappa, Hoji Boqiboy, Khoja Qosim, Avazboy Arab, Boboyi Nonkash, Mirza Turdi, Boqijon Qoshbegi, Otaliq, Ismoil Khoja, Turkman, Abdurashid Afghon, Kukhband, Abdulhafizboy, Pushaymon, A’lam, Badriddin, Govkushon, Abdulmominboy, Olimjonboy, Muhammad Amin Khoja, Chobin Mulla Muhammad Sharif, Muhammad Yunusbiy Inoq, Giribonchok, Chobini Chuchukoyim, Gharbiya, Choqmoq, Toraqulboy, Mirzabek, Eshoni Pir, Mirza Ubayd, Mulla Ernazar, Khonaqoi Devonbegi, Tursunjon Otaliq, Kokaldosh, Devonbegi, Qozi Latif, Sharshara, Hoji Bulghor, Domulla Hasan, Ibrohim Okhun, Jafar Khoja Naqib, Abdunabibiy, Jannatmakoni, Rahmatulloh Toqsabo, Hoji Jumaboy, Domulla Sher, Abdu Sami Eshon, Sayyid Aminboy Khurjun, Qori Sulton, Mulla SayyidoKhoja, Fozil Eshon, Muhammad Amin Topchiboshi, Yosh Uzoqbek, Sayyid Kamol, Abdulkarimbiy Attor, Mehtari Anbar, Qori Sayyid Khoja, Pochcha Khoja, Fatkhulloh Qoshbegi, Khalifa Husayn, Ibodulla Khoja, Hoji Qurbon, Hoji Salim, Bibi Khalifa, Okhun Orifkhon, Muqim Khoja Oroq, Chor Minor, Mulla Abdulkholiq, Hoji Qurbon Khoja, Mulla Yor Okhun, Abdulkhalilboy, Mulla Hamro, Khovaroy, Idriskhoja, Amir Nasrulloh, Boboyi Ol, Mirza Burkhon, Manghit Oyim, Mir Jamol Zargar, Joraboy, Abdushukurboy Muhammad Ali Hoji, Arab Khoja, Fatkhullaboy Qochqor Qorchi, Qori Abdusalom, Sadirbiy, Khoja Qurbon, Mehtarkhoja Oqsoqol, Abdurahimbiy, Ashurjon, Khoja Ulfat, Shirgaron, Shaykhulislom, Aminjon Jonqut,