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Sur’at Kubaev Senior Research Fellow, Institute of History, Academy of Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences The rock paintings in Turan evidence that Turkic culture and heritage began to emerge at least 6,000–4,000 years ago. Before writing appeared, people expressed their worldviews, thinking, and social relations through various signs and drawings. Thus was born rock art, the earliest results of human creati…
THE ANCIENT CULTURAL
WEALTH OF TURAN
IN ROCK PAINTINGS
Sur’at Kubaev Senior Research Fellow, Institute of History, Academy of Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences The rock paintings in Turan evidence that Turkic culture and heritage began to emerge at least 6,000–4,000 years ago. Before writing appeared, people expressed their worldviews, thinking, and social relations through various signs and drawings. Thus was born rock art, the earliest results of human creative activity. To date, more than 1,300 rock-painting sites have been found and recorded in the ancient Turan, nearly 250 of which are located throughout Uzbekistan. Chronologically they span from the Late Stone Age (approximately 17,000– 15,000 BCE) to the Middle Ages (6th–7th centuries CE). These rock paintings provide valuable and interesting information about the social and economic life, culture, customs, worldviews, and daily life of the peoples who lived in our country. The oldest rock paintings in Uzbekistan are the Zarautsoy and Siypantosh monuments, located in the south of the country. The Zarautsoy rock paintings, found in Surkhandarya region, are located at an altitude of 2,000 meters above sea level and are painted on the rocks on both sides of the gorge (photo 1). The Zarautkamar valley, where the artworks are found, was a favorable hunting place. The images depict people, dogs, bulls, gazelles, boars, goats, and an animal called “olqar”. From the depictions we can tell that the hunters used weapons such as bows, spears, and axes. Among the Zarautsoy images, particularly interesting are the figures of people wearing masks. In the Zarautsoy paintings dated to 12,000–6,000 BCE, people are described to hold simple hand tools similar to labor tools. This, in turn, could serve as a basis for the scientific conclusion that they were primitive cultivators working fields. However, current scholarly opinion places the earliest beginnings of cultivation in Turan at the start
QADIMGI TURON MADANIY
BOYLIGI QOYATOSH
SURATLARIDA
Sur’at Kubaev FA Tarix instituti katta ilmiy xodimi, tarix fanlari nomzodi Turondagi qoyatosh suratlari Turkiy madaniyat va meros paydo bo‘la boshlaganiga kamida 6 000 – 4 000 yil bo‘lganining tasdig‘laridir. Yozuv vujudga kelgungacha kishilik o‘z dunyoqarashi, tafakkuri va ijtimoiy munosabatlarini turli belgilar, chizmalar orqali namoyon etgan. Insonning ilk ijodiy faoliyati natijalari bo‘lmish qoyatosh san’ati shu tariqa tug‘ilgan. Bugungacha qadimgi Turon hududida 1300 dan ortiq qoyatosh suratlari manzili aniqlangan va hisobga olingan. Ulardan 250 ga yaqini O‘zbekiston hududida joylashgan. Davriy jihatdan ular so‘nggi tosh davridan (miloddan oldingi 17 000 – 15 0000 yillik) o‘rta asrlargacha (6 – 7-yuzyilliklar) bosqichni qamrab oladilar. Bu qoyatosh suratlari yurtimiz hududida yashagan aholining ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy hayoti, madaniyati, urf-odatlari, dunyoga qarashlari va kundalik turmush tarzi haqida qimmatli va qiziqarli ma’lumot beradi. O‘zbekiston bo‘yicha eng qadimgi qoyatosh suratlari yurtimiz janubida joylashgan Zarautsoy va Siypantosh yodgorliklaridir. O‘zbekiston janubida – Surxondaryo viloyatida topilgan Zarautsoy qoyatosh suratlari dengiz sathidan 2000 metr balandlikda, daraning ikki yon tomonidagi qoyatoshlarga chizilgan (1-surat). San’at namunalari aks etgan Zarautkamar darasi ov qilish uchun qulay joy bo‘lgan. Suratlarda odamlar, itlar, buqa, jayron, to‘ng‘iz, taka, olqar kabi jonivorlar ifoda etilgan. Tasvirlardan ovchilarning kamon, nayza, bolta kabi ov qurollari bo‘lganini bilib olishimiz mumkin. Zarautsoy qoyatosh suratlari tarkibida yanada qiziqarli bo‘lgan tasvirlar – niqob ichidagi odamlar suratlaridir. Miloddan oldingi 12 000 – 6 000-yillar oralig‘ida chizilgan Zarautsoy qoyatosh suratlaridagi odamlarning qo‘llarida mehnat We have provided very brief information about Bukhara, regarded as one of the jewels of Turkic culture and heritage. Even today the city astonishes the whole world with its historic sites, monuments, clothing, jewelry, cuisine, and traditions. To see them all, you must come to Bukhara! Biz Turkiy madaniyat va merosning gavharlaridan sanalmish Buxoro haqida juda- juda qisqa ma’lumotlar berdik. Shahar bugun ham o‘zining tarixiy manzilgohlari, obidalari, kiyimlari, taqinchoqlari, ovqatlari, an’analari bilan butun dunyoni lol qoldirmoqda. Ularning barini ko‘rish uchun Buxoroga kelish kerak! of the Neolithic—around 6,000–4,000 BCE. If the tools depicted at Zarautsoy are indeed hoes, this would require a reconsideration of the dates for our ancestors’ transition to settled life. The Siypantosh rock paintings, dating to roughly 10,000–5,000 BCE, are located in the territory of Quruqsoy village in Chiraqchi district of Qashqadarya region (photo 2). They preserve very rare and interesting examples of early human culture. These remarkable rock paintings stand out in the world for their content, stylistic features, drawing skill, variety of motifs, and other aspects. The Siypantosh paintings contain, by subject and essence, 824 figures. Human images are dominant, and male and female forms are distinctly represented by various means. Hand impressions are also common among the Siypantosh images and can be divided into two groups: those showing the hand up to the elbow and those showing prints of the palm. These palm prints are mostly of the left hand, while right-hand prints are less common. They were made by dipping the palm in red ochre and then pressing it onto the rock shelter’s ceiling or surface. The depiction of two rows of 28 nearly identical lines at Siypantosh suggests that this region was one of the ancient areas where early calendars were created in what is now Uzbekistan. There are scholarly views that the 28-line count reflects the first buds of calendrical science. The first human-made lunar calendar likewise consists of 28 days. The 28 lines at Siypantosh, carved on the rock face of a cave inhabited by people, may be the earliest lunar-calendar inscription. Today Sarmishsoy rock paintings are considered one of the sites in the country with the largest concentration of rock images. Located in central Uzbekistan in the part of the Nurota mountain range that lies in Nawai region, the rock paintings there range from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages, and they attest to human presence in the Sarmishsoy valley and its surroundings for some 12,000 years. At the same time, this place’s long-term sacred status for people is also evident. qurollari shaklidagi oddiy qo‘l chopqilari bor. Bu esa, o‘z o‘rnida, ular ekinlarga ishlov berayotgan ibtidoiy ekin-tikinchilardir, ilmiy xulosasi uchun asos bo‘lishi mumkin. Holbuki bugungi ilmiy qarashlarga ko‘ra, Turonda ekin-tikinchilikning ilk kurtaklari neolit davrining boshiga – miloddan oldingi 6 000 – 4 000-yillarga to‘g‘ri keladi. Agar Zarautsoy qoyatoshidagi ushbu suratlarda aks etgan qurollar chindan ham chopqilar ekani o‘z isbotini topsa, ajdodlarimizning o‘troqlashuvining sanalarini qaytadan ko‘rib chiqishga to‘g‘ri keladi. O‘zbekistonning Qashqadaryo viloyati Chiroqchi tumanidagi Quruqsoy qishlog‘i hududida joylashgan, miloddan oldingi 10 000 – 5 000-yilliklarga to‘g‘ri keladigan Siypantosh qoyatosh suratlarida (2-surat) ibtidoiy odamlar madaniyatining juda noyob va qiziqarli namunalari saqlanib qolgan. Bunday nodir qoyatosh suratlari o‘zining mazmuni, uslubiy xususiyatlari, chizilish mahorati, badialarining xilma-xilligi va boshqa tomonlari bilan dunyoda ma’lum bo‘lgan shunday qoyatosh suratlaridan alohida ajralib turadi. Siypantosh qoyatosh suratlarida mazmun- mohiyatiga ko‘ra, 824 ta siymo bor. Ularda odam tasvirlari ko‘proq uchrashi qatorida, erkak va ayol ko‘rinishlari turli usullar bilan yaqqol ajratib ifodalangan. Siypantosh qoyatosh suratlari orasida insonlarning qo‘l tasvirlari ham keng uchraydi. Ularni ikki xil guruhga ajratish mumkin. Birinchisida, qo‘l tirsagigacha tasvirlangan bo‘lsa, ikkinchisida, panjalik kaftlar tasvirlangan. Bu qo‘l panjalari asosan chap qo‘l panjalari bo‘lib, o‘ng qo‘l panjalari kamchilikni tashkil qiladi. Ushbu qo‘l panjalari tasviri qo‘l kaftini qizil rang ocherga botirib, keyin toshning ayvoni shiftiga bosib chiqilgan. Siypantosh qoyatosh suratlarida tasvirlangan ikki qator deyarli bir xil o‘lchamdagi 28 ta chiziqning aks ettirilishi O‘zbekiston hududida ilk kunsanoqlar yaratilgan qadimiy o‘lkalardan biri bo‘lganiga ishora beradi. Negaki 28 chiziq solnoma ilmining ilk kurtaklarini aks ettirishlari haqida ilmiy qarashlar bor. Insoniyat tomonidan yaratilgan ilk kunsanoqda ham kunlar soni aynan 28 tani tashkil etadi. Siypantoshdagi Therefore, rock art plays a crucial role in studying the development of human consciousness in the period up to the development and widespread use of writing. It is not only the earliest form of visual art but also an exceptionally valuable source that illuminates ancient people’s lives, religious beliefs, social relations, and their interaction with the environment. It also allows us to see people’s inner experiences and how they perceived existence. The Zarautsoy rock paintings clarify the formation of hunting culture, the relationships between humans and animals, hunters’ technique of approaching prey using masks, and the evolution of hunting weapons. The Siypantosh rock paintings stand out for their high level of creativity and stylistic diversity. The depiction of women in special forms (diamond, triangular, and branched motifs) turns it to a rich source for scholarly reflections on the connection between gender and symbols. This, in turn, is important for studying the role of women viloyatidagi Qoraqiyasoy qoyatosh suratlarida asosan ikki g‘ildirakli aravalar ko‘proq aks ettirilgan (4-surat). Bu turonliklar aravalardan harbiy harakatlar va kundalik turmushda keng foydalanganligini ko‘rsatadi. Demak, o‘zbek xalqi ilk aravalarni ixtiro qilgan halqlardan biri bo‘lganlar. Qoyatoshlarda aks etgan tuyaning tasviri O‘zbekiston ushbu jonivor qo‘lga o‘rgatilgan ilk mintaqa bo‘lganini tasdiqlaydi. Ularga aravaning qo‘shilgani esa turonliklar hayotida tuyaning o‘rni katta bo‘lganidan dalolat beradi. Bundan tashqari, Sarmishsoy qoyatoshlarida chizilgan suratda ho‘kizlarga qo‘shilgan omoch tasviri miloddan oldingi 4000 – 3000-yillari O‘zbekistonda ekin-tikinchilik taraqqiy etganini ko‘rsatadi, albatta. Demak, yozuv paydo bo‘lgunga va keng tarqalgungacha bo‘lgan davrdagi insonlarning ongi rivojini o‘rganishda qoyatosh san’ati g‘oyat muhim o‘rin tutadi. U nafaqat tasviriy san’atning ilk shakli sifatida, balki qadimgi insonlar hayoti, diniy qarashlari, ijtimoiy aloqalari va atrof-muhit bilan o‘zaro munosabatini yorituvchi o‘ta qimmatli manba sifatida ham tengsiz ahamiyat kasb etadi. Shuningdek, ularda insonlarning ichki kechinmalari va borliqni qanday qabul qilishganligini ko‘rish mumkin. Zarautsoydagi qoyatosh suratlari ovchilik madaniyatining shakllanishi, inson va hayvon o‘rtasidagi munosabatlar, niqob orqali ovchilarning ov narsasiga yaqinlashish mahorati, ov qurollarining rivojlanishi kabi masalalarga aniqlik kiritadi. Siypantosh qoyatosh sur’atlari esa yuqori ijodiy darajasi va uslubiy xilma-xilligi bilan ajralib turadi. Ularda ayollar tasvirining maxsus shakllarda (romb, uchburchak, shoxli tasvirlar) ifodalanishi, jins va ramzlar o‘rtasidagi bog‘liqlikni ilmiy mulohazalar uchun boy manbaga aylantiradi. Bu, o‘z navbatida, ibtidoiy jamiyatda xotin-qizlarlar o‘rni, diniy va ramzlar orqali berilgan omillarni o‘rganishda muhimdir. Ocher bilan ishlangan qo‘l panjalarini madaniy iz qoldirish va shaxsiylik belgisi sifatida tushunish mumkin. Bu xildagi tasvirlar Afrika, Yevropa, Janubiy Amerika va Okeaniya mintaqalarida ham qayd etilgan bo‘lib, turli etnik guruhlarda qo‘l panjasi insonning borliq belgisi, ruhiy himoya ramzi From the rock paintings we obtain valuable information about the lifestyle and economy of the people who lived in that period. In particular, the images show a four-wheeled cart drawn by a two-humped camel, one of the oldest such depictions in the Eurasian region. Cart images are also found in other parts of Turan. For example, the Qoraqiyasoy rock paintings in Tashkent region primarily show two-wheeled carts. This indicates that Turan peoples widely used carts in both military actions and daily life. Thus, the Uzbek people were among those who invented early carts. The depiction of a domesticated camel in the rock art confirms that Uzbekistan was one of the earliest regions where this animal was tamed, and the combination of camels with carts shows the camel’s important role in Turan life. Additionally, the image of a yoke attached to oxen in Sarmishsoy – dated to around 4000-3000 BCE – indicates that cultivation and plow agriculture had developed in the territory of present-day Uzbekistan by that time. 28 ta chiziq odamlar yashagan g‘orning tosh yuzasiga ishlangani ilk kunsanoq bitigi bo‘lishi mumkin. Sarmishsoy qoyatosh suratlari bugungi kunda yurtimizdagi eng ko‘p qoyatosh tasvirlari jamlangan makonlardan biri sanaladi (3-surat). O‘zbekistonning markazida, Nurota tog‘ tizmasining Navoiy viloyati hududidan o‘tgan qismda joylashgan qoyatosh suratlarida mezolit davridan o‘rta asrlarga qadar suratlarning borligi, Sarmishsoy darasi va uning atrofida 12 000 yil davomida insonlar yashab kelayotganining tasdig‘idir, albatta. Shu bilan birga, ushbu makon shuncha muddat davomida insonlar uchun muqaddas bo‘lganini ham bilish mumkin. Qoyatosh suratlaridan o‘sha davrda yashagan insonlarning turmush tarzi, xo‘jaligi haqida qimmatli ma’lumotlar bor. Xususan, tasvirlarda Yevroosiyo mintaqasidagi eng qadimiy ikki o‘rkachli tuya qo‘shilgan 4 g‘ildirakli aravani ko‘rishimiz mumkin. Turonning boshqa hududlarida ham arava tasvirlari uchraydi. Jumladan, Toshkent
