Хива: столица культуры тюркского мира

KHIVA – THE CAPITAL OF TURKIC

WORLD CULTURE

Sherzodhon Mahmudov, Head of the “Department of Medieval History”, Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan Khorazm is renowned as one of the centers of world civilization, having educated many eminent scholars. Among the pioneering scholars of the First Renaissance, who made unparalleled discoveries in global mathematics — Muhammad Al-Khorezmi, the founder of zero and algebra; the encyclopedic scholar Abu Rayhon Beruni; the hadith scholars Mujohid ibn Musa Al- Khorezmi and Dawud ibn Rashid Al-Korezmi; the prominent Sufi Najmiddin Kubro; and the mathematician and astronomer Mahmud issiqxona, issiq suv turadigan hovuzcha, go‘lax kabi qismlardan iborat. Xonalarning o‘zaro bog‘lanishida qadimiy hammomlar an’analari takrorlangan. Suv tarnovlardan hovuzga yig‘ilgan, o‘txona dudlari maxsus yo‘llar orqali hammom xonalari ostidan o‘tib, ularni isitgan va mo‘ri orqali tashqariga chiqarilgan. Issiq suvli hovuz atrofidagi to‘rtta xona devordagi tuynuklar orqali suv bilan ta’minlangan. Hammom pishiq g‘ishtdan ishlangan bo‘lib, ichki tomoni suvalgan. 1838 – 1840-yillari Muhammad Rizo qushbegi nazorati ostida Qutlug‘ Murod inoq madrasasi oldidagi Oq masjid va hammom binolari qayta ta’mirlangan. Turonda qurilgan hammomlar faqat maishiy ehtiyojni qondiruvchi inshootlar emas, balki xalqning hayot tarzi, didi, muhandislik mahorati va ijtimoiy munosabatlarini ifoda etuvchi madaniy yodgorliklardir. Ular o‘zining benazir me’moriy yechimlari, bezak san’ati va muhandislik pool for hot water, and a bath. The design repeats the traditional architecture of ancient bathhouses. Water from channels collects into the pool, and the bellows system routes hot air through special passages under the bath chambers, heating them and directing smoke outside via a chimney. The hot water pool is surrounded by four rooms supplied with water through openings in the walls. The bathhouse is built of solid brick with a smooth interior surface. Between 1838 and 1840, under the supervision of Muhammad Rizo qushbegi, the White Mosque and bathhouse buildings in front of Kutlugmurad Inak Madrasah were renovated. In Turan, constructed buildings such as baths are not only for everyday needs but also serve as cultural monuments reflecting the lifestyle, taste, engineering skills, and social relations of the people. With their unique architectural solutions, decorative Juma masjid. Juma masjidi tarixi 10-yuzyillikka borib taqaladi. Bu Xiva shahrining mashhur inshootlaridan biri bo‘lib, o‘ziga xos qurilishi va hajmi bilan boshqa masjidlardan ajralib turgan. Masjidga uch tomondan kirilgan. Borib-borib buzilib ketgan masjid o‘rnida 1788-yili Abdurahmon Mehtar buyrug‘iga binoan xuddi shu usulda kattaroq yangi masjid qurilgan. Masjid o‘ziga xos tarhi va hajmi bilan ajralib turgan. 55 x 46 metr o‘lchamli bino bir qavatli bo‘lib, atrofi g‘ishtin devor bilan o‘ralgan. Tomi yassi, to‘sinli, shipini 212 ta ustun ko‘tarib turadi. Ustunlar 17 qatorli, oralig‘i 3,15 x 3,15 metr qilib ishlangan. Mehrobi janubiy devor markazida joylashgan. Tashqi devorlari oddiy bezaksiz. Minora balandligi 42 metrni tashkil qiladi. Bosh tarzidagi eshik yog‘och o‘ymakorligida ishlangan noyob namuna hisoblanadi. Ichki bezaklari sodda ganch suvoq qilingan. Ustunlar masjid tuzilishining asosini tashkil etish bilan birga uning badiiy bezagi hamdir. Ular o‘ziga xos mutanosiblik va ko‘rinishga ega. 212 ta ustundan 25 tasi eng qadimiysi bo‘lib, tuzilishida bir qancha uslub namunalari bor. Oq masjid va sharqona hammom. Arabshohiylar sulolasining 1643 – 1663-yillardagi yetakchisi Abulg‘ozixon tomonidan o‘g‘li Anushaxonning Karmanadagi g‘alabasi sharafiga 1657-yili Xivada Oq masjid va sharqona hammom binolari qurdiriladi. Shu tariqa hammom Anushaxon hammomi nomi bilan tanilgan. Oq masjid uch tomoni ayvonli, bir xonali guzar masjidi bo‘lib, tarhi 25,5 x 13,5 metr. Xonaqoh (6,3 x 6,3 metr) gumbazi chorsi asosga o‘rnatilgan. Xonaqoh ichiga ishlangan chuqur ravoqlar hisobiga keng ko‘rinadi. Janubiy devorida mehrob bor. Panjaralar va uch eshik girih naqshlar bilan o‘ziga xos uslubda bezatilgan. Naqshlarni Nurmuhammad Odina Qalandar o‘g‘li va Qalandar Saidmuhammad o‘g‘li bezaganlar. Oq masjid yaqinidagi gumbazli kichik xonadan hammomga kirilgan. Hammom xonalari issiqni yaxshi saqlash uchun yer ostiga joylashtirilgan bo‘lib, tashqaridan faqat gumbazlar ko‘rinib turadi. Anushaxon hammomining maydoni 27 x 15 metr bo‘lib, unda daxliz, kiyimxona, sovuqxona, Juma Mosque. The history of the Juma Mosque dates back to the 10th century. It is one of the most famous structures in Khiva, distinguished by its unique architecture and size. The mosque has entrances on three sides. After repeated destruction, in 1788, Abdurahmon Mehtar ordered the construction of a larger, new mosque of the same design. This mosque is notable for its special design and size. The rectangular, single-story structure measures 55 by 46 meters, enclosed by brick walls. Its flat roof is supported by 212 columns arranged in 17 rows, each measuring 3.15 x 3.15 meters. The mihrab is located on the south wall. The outer walls are plain without decorations. The minaret reaches a height of 42 meters. The main entrance is a wooden door carved with intricate designs. Interior decorations are simple, with plaster stucco. The columns are both structural and ornamental, with a harmonious proportion and appearance. Of the 212 columns, 25 are the oldest and showcase various stylistic elements. White Mosque and Oriental Bathhouse. White Mosque and Oriental Bathhouse. The White Mosque and Oriental Bathhouse were built in Khiva in 1657 by Abulghazi Khan, the leader of the Arab Shahi dynasty from 1643 to 1663, in honor of his son Anusha Khan’s victory at Karmana. Thus, the bathhouse became known as the Anusha Khan Bathhouse. The White Mosque is a three-sided porticoed, one-room prayer house with dimensions of 25.5 by 13.5 meters. The prayer hall (6.3 by 6.3 meters) has a dome supported on four columns. The interior of the prayer hall appears spacious due to deep arched niches built into the walls. There is a mihrab on the southern wall. The screens and three doors are decorated with unique intricate patterns. The patterns were designed by Nurmuhammad Odina Qalandar ughli and Qalandar Said Muhammad ughli. The bathhouse is entered through a small domed chamber nearby the White Mosque. The bath rooms are located underground to retain heat, with only domes visible from outside. The area of Anushaxon’s bathhouse is 27 by 15 meters, consisting of antechamber, changing room, cold room, hot room, a small 1701-yili Shohniyozxon (1698 – 1702) buyrug‘i bilan qabriston darvozaxonasi tiklangan. 1810-yili qurila boshlagan Pahlavon Mahmud maqbarasining 25 metr balandlikdagi gumbazi bo‘lgan. Maqbara keyingi 30 – 35 yil davomida yanada kengaytirilgan va betakror koshinlar bilan bezatilgan. Maqbara qurilishida Muhammad Yusuf mehtar boshchiligida mashhur koshinkor ustalar – hazorasplik Odina Muhammad Murod o‘g‘li, xonqalik Abdal Jabbor Is’hoq o‘g‘li, yangiariqlik Mullo Qodir Bardi o‘g‘li, xivalik Abdulla Yoqub Husayn o‘g‘li, Mulla Muhammad Panoh o‘g‘li, Mulla Nur Muhammad o‘g‘li va boshqalar ishlaganlar. 1893 – 1894-yillari maqbaradagi serjilo o‘yma eshikni usta Nodirmuhammad yasagan. 1825-yili rangli koshinlarni usta Qalandar Xivaqiyning o‘g‘li Mulla Nurmuhammad va usta Abdul Jabborning o‘g‘li So‘fi Muhammad ishlaganlar. Naqshlarni esa xivalik mashhur usta Abdulla Jin chizgan. Sag‘ana yoniga o‘rnatilgan mis panjaraga Abdulla Mulla Said o‘g‘li Xivaqiy naqsh tushirgan. Ular koshinlardagi jimjimador naqshlarga Pahlavon Mahmud ruboiylarini mahorat bilan joylashtirganlar. Maqbarada Pahlavon Mahmud xoki bilan birga Abulg‘ozi Bahodirxon (1643 – 1663), Anushaxon (1663 – 1686), Birinchi Muhammad Rahimxon (1806 – 1825), Olloqulixon (1825 – 1845) kabi o‘zbek davlatini boshqargan arabshohiylar va qo‘ng‘irotlar sulolalari yetakchilarining qabrlari bor. Toshhovli saroyi. Olloqulixon tomonidan 1830 – 1832-yillari qurdirilgan. Darvozalari koshinlangan, ganch, yog‘och, tosh o‘ymakorligi, 80 xil bo‘yama naqshlar bilan bezatilgan Toshhovlining maydoni 80 x 80 metr bo‘lib, undagi 163 xonada xonning oilasi yashagan va turli mahkamalar joylashtirilgan. 1832 – 1834-yillari yangi qurilayotgan Toshhovli saroyining haram qismiga qo‘shib mehmonlarni kutish uchun ishrat hovli barpo etiladi. Tantanali marosimlar va bazmlar o‘tkazish uchun mo‘ljallangan ushbu hovli o‘rtasida qishda o‘tov tikiladigan dumaloq shakldagi supa qurilgandi. Arangxon davridan qolgan bunday supa Ko‘hna Arkda ham bor. Muhammad Aminxon madrasasi. Qo‘ng‘irotlar sulolasining 1846 – 1855-yillardagi yetakchisi Muhammad Jabbar. The patterns were drawn by the famous master from Khiva, Abdulla Jin. The copper grille installed next to the saganah was decorated by Abdullah Mulla Said, the son of Khivaqi. They skillfully placed the rubaiyats of Pahlavan Mahmud in the quiet patterns on the tiles. Along with Pahlavan Mahmud’s tomb, the mausoleum contains the tombs of the leaders of the Arab Shahi and Kungurat dynasties that ruled the Uzbek state, such as Abulghazi Bahodir Khan (1643 - 1663), Anushakhon (1663 - 1686), Muhammad Rahimkhan I (1806 - 1825), Alloquli Khan (1825 - 1845). Toshhovli Palace was built by Ollokuli Khan between 1830 and 1832. The gates are tiled and decorated with alabaster, wood, stone carvings, and 80 different painted patterns. The area of Toshhovli measures 80 by 80 meters, and within its 163 rooms, the khan’s family lived, and various courts were located. Between 1832 and 1834, an ishrat courtyard was constructed to welcome guests, connecting to the harem of the newly built Toshhovli Palace. In the center of this courtyard, designed for ceremonial purposes, a round-shaped platform was takomili bilan turkiy madaniyatning yuksak darajasini namoyon qiladi. Bu jihatdan hammomlar turkiy madaniy merosning ajralmas va noyob jihati sifatida alohida ahamiyatga ega. Ko‘hna Ark. Unga arabshohiylar sulolasidan bo‘lgan Arangxon (1689 – 1695) davrida asos solingan. Ichan qal’aning g‘arbiy qismida tiklangan to‘rtburchak shakldagi ushbu inshootda bir necha saroy va imoratlar bo‘lib, ularda xon va amaldorlar oilalari yashaganlar. Keyinchalik Arkda devonxona, ko‘rinishxona, zarbxona, qurol-aslaha ombori, masjid, o‘tov tikiladigan supa kabi muhim bino va inshootlar qurilgan. Ko‘hna Ark tarxi 130 x 93 metr. P ahlavon Mahmud yodgorligi. Qo‘ng‘irotlar sulolasining 1806 – 1825-yillardagi yetakchisi Birinchi Muhammad Rahimxon qurdirgan salobatli imoratlar orasida Pahlavon Mahmud yodgorligi alohida o‘rin tutadi. Maqbara majmuasining umumiy hajmi – 50 x 30 metr. Oldiniga Pahlavon Mahmud qabri ustiga 1664-yili mo‘jaz sinchkori imorat qurilgan. 1825 – 1835-yillari uning o‘rnida g‘ishtin toq-u ravoqli serhasham maqbara (17,5 x 25,5 metr), ziyoratxona (9 x 9 metr) va xonaqoh (4 x 4 metr) qad ko‘targan. arts, and engineering advancements, they demonstrate the high level of Turkic culture. In this regard, bathhouses hold a special significance as an integral and unique part of Turkic cultural heritage. Old Ark. It was built in Khiva during the reign of Arang Khan (1689–1695), a member of the Arab Shah dynasty. This square-shaped structure, rebuilt in the western part of Ichon Qala, housed several palaces and buildings where the khan and officials’ families lived. Later, the Ark included important structures such as a reception hall, written court, treasury, weapons store, mosque, and a special hall for gatherings, called a ‘supa’. Its layout measures 130 by 93 meters. Monument to Pahlavan Mahmud. Among the magnificent buildings built by Muhammad Rahimkhan I, the leader of the Kungarat dynasty from 1806 to 1825, the Pahlavan Mahmud monument occupies a special place. The total size of the mausoleum complex is 50 x 30 meters. Previously, a magnificent mausoleum was built over the tomb of Pahlavan Mahmud in 1664. In 1825-1835, a magnificent brick mausoleum with a steeple and a porch (17.5 x 25.5 meters), a pilgrimage hall (9 x 9 meters) and a khanaqoh (4 x 4 meters) were erected in its place. In 1701, by order of Shahniyoz Khan (1698 - 1702), the cemetery gatehouse was restored. The Pahlavon Mahmud mausoleum, whose construction began in 1810, had a 25-meter- high dome. The mausoleum was further expanded and decorated with unique tiles over the next 30 - 35 years. Famous tile masters such as Odina Muhammad Murod oglu from Hazorasp, Abdal Jabbor Ishaq oglu from Khanka, Mullo Kadir Bardi oglu from Yangiarik, Abdulla Yakub Husayn oglu from Khiva, Mulla Muhammad Panoh oglu, Mulla Nur Muhammad oglu and others worked on the construction of the mausoleum under the leadership of Mehtar Muhammad Yusuf. In 1893 - 1894, the carved door of the mausoleum was made by master Nodirmuhammad. In 1825, the colored tiles were made by Mulla Nurmuhammad, the son of master Qalandar Khivaqi, and Sufi Muhammad, the son of master Abdul for Isfandiyorkhan. The building, measuring 185.6 by 143.0 meters, was decorated with stucco and tiles, using gold and silver. Carved patterns adorn the inner and outer gates, doors, and porch columns. The stained glass, parquet floors, and tiled hearths reflect strong influences of Russian and European architecture. The construction involved renowned alabaster master Khudaybergan haji, Nurmat usta, Ruzimat Masharipov, wood carvers Bobojon Qalandarov, Ota Shaykhov, Ismoil Abdalniyozov, bricklayer Kuryoz Bobojonov, and German artisans from Aqmasjid. Islamkhoja madrasa and minaret were built during 1908–1910 by Islamkhoja ibn Ibrohimkhoja (1872–1913), the prime minister of the Khiva Khanate. The madrasa covers 37.5 by 42.8 meters with a courtyard of 20.0 by 22.9 meters and includes 42 rooms. Its entrance features a two-story roof decorated with tiles. The Islam Khoja Minaret, known locally as “Khoja Minor”, is the tallest and most beautiful in Khiva. Constructed between 1908 and 1910, it has a base diameter of 9.5 meters and reaches a height of 44.6 meters. Its walls are decorated with ornate white-blue glazed ceramics. Architects Khudoiberganhoji and Kurbanniyoz Khivaki, along with painters Eshmuhammad Khudoiberdiev, Bolta Vaisov, and other masters, participated in its construction. Thus, Khiva is one of the unique cities that embodies the cultural heritage of the Turkic world, where the achievements of Turanian civilization are clearly manifested. Its heritage reflects the scientific and artistic foundations of Turanian culture, the high thinking of masters, and architectural skill. The examples of cultural heritage in Khiva have taken a worthy place in the treasury of world culture with the stylistic diversity of Turkic architecture, architectural solutions, and wall decorations. sahnlar va koshinkor o‘choqlarda rus va yevropa me’morchiligining katta ta’siri borligi ko‘rinib turadi. Qurilishda mashhur ganchkor ustalardan Xudayberganhoji, Nurmat usta, Ro‘zimat Masharipov, yog‘och o‘ymakorlari Bobojon Qalandarov, Ota Shayxov, Ismoil Abdalniyozov, g‘isht teruvchi usta Quryoz Bobojonov va boshqalar bilan bir qatorda oqmasjidlik nemis hunarmandlari ham ishlaganlar. Islomxo‘ja madrasasi va minorasi. 1908 – 1910-yillari Xiva xonligi bosh vaziri Islomxo‘ja ibn Ibrohimxo‘ja (1872 – 1913) o‘z mablag‘idan madrasa qurdirgan. Umumiy maydoni 37,5 x 42,8 metr, hovlisining sathi 20,0 x 22,9 metr bo‘lgan madrasa 42 ta hujradan iborat bo‘lgan. Islomxo‘ja madrasasining kiraverishidagi peshtoq ikki qavatli bo‘lib, u koshinlar bilan bezatilgan. Aholi orasida “Xo‘ja minor” nomi bilan tanilgan Islomxo‘ja minorasi Xivadagi eng baland va ko‘rkam minora hisoblanadi. 1908 – 1910-yillari qurilgan minora asosining diametri 9,5 metr, balandligi esa 44,6 metrga teng. Minora devorlari naqshinkor oq-ko‘k sirchali sopollar bilan bezatilgan. Minora qurilishida me’morlardan Xudoyberganhoji va Qurbonniyoz Xivaqiy, naqqoshlardan Eshmuhammad Xudoyberdiyev, Bolta Vaisov va boshqa ustalar qatnashganlar. Demak, Xiva – turkiy dunyo madaniy merosini o‘zida mujassam etgan noyob Shaharlardan biri bo’lib, unda Turon tamadduni yutuqlari yaqqol namoyon bo‘lgan. Undagi merosda Turon madaniyatining ilmiy va badiiy asoslari, ustalarning yuksak tafakkuri, me’moriy mahorati o‘z ifodasini topgan. Xivadagi madaniy meros namunalari turkiy me’morchilikning uslubiy rang-barangliligi, me’moriy yechimlari, devoriy bezaklari bilan dunyo madaniyati xazinasidan munosib o‘rin egallagan. Aminxon 1852 – 1855-yillarda Arkning qibla tomonida katta madrasa va minora qurdiradi. Maydoni 71,7 x 60,0 metr. bo‘lgan madrasa Xivadagi eng sermablag‘ va yirik, chiroyli qilib bezatilgan o‘quv dargohi bo‘lib, 260 talabaga mo‘ljallangan edi. Madrasa qurilishida ikkinchi qavatda ikki xonali va ayvonli hujralar qurish tajribasi qo‘llangan. Madrasada kutubxona va qozilik mahkamasi joylashtirilgandi. Madaminxon madrasasi karvonsaroy shaklida qurilgan bo‘lib, yonidagi minorasi xonning vafoti tufayli bitmay qolgan. Ichan qal’aga Ota darvoza orqali kiraverishdagi ko‘chada qurilishi Muhammad Amin davrida boshlangan minora mo‘ljal bo‘yicha Turkistonda eng go‘zal va balandligi taxminan 100 metr bo‘lishi ko‘zlangan. Asosining diametri 14,2 metr, saqlanib qolgan qismi 29 metr bo‘lgan minora o‘z salobati, ko‘lami, oq, yashil, firuza koshinli naqshlari sababli xalq tilida “Ko‘k minor” deb ham ataladi. Muhammad Rahimxon madrasasi. Ikkinchi Muhammad Rahimxonning (1864 – 1910) 47 yillik hukmronligi davrida Xiva shahrining me’moriy qiyofasi yanada takomillashdi. Xon ko‘plab madrasa va masjidlar barpo qildirdi. Shahardagi 35 ta madrasadan 10 tasining yonida minoralar ko‘tarildi. 1871-yili qurila boshlagan Muhammad Rahimxon madrasasi o‘z mahobatliligi bilan boshqa imoratlar orasida ajralib turadi. Ichan qal’adagi Ko‘hna Ark hovlisi qarshisida vazir Ibrohimxo‘ja rahbarligida qurilgan madrasaning old tomoni ikki, qolgan qismi bir qavat bo‘lgan bu madrasaning maydoni 62,4 x 49,7 metr edi. Bino ichkarisida masjid, dars-xona, kutubxona va 76 ta hujra bo‘lgan. Isfandiyorxon yoki Nurullaboy saroyi. 1904 – 1912-yillari Ikkinchi Muhammad Rahimxon va uning o‘g‘li Isfandiyorxon (1910 – 1918) Nurullaboy saroyi tarkibida Arzxona, haram (1904) va mehmonxona (1912) binolarini qurdirganlar. 1912-yili Isfandiyorxon uchun yangi qabulxona qurib bitkaziladi. O‘lchamlari 185,6 x 143,0 metr bo‘lgan binoning devorlarini ganch va koshin bilan bezashda oltin va kumushdan foydalanilgan. Ichki va tashqi darvoza, eshik, ayvon ustunlariga o‘ymakor naqshlar ishlangan. Rangdor oynalar, parket built where a hut was constructed for winter use. Such a platform from the time of Arang Khan is also found in the Old Ark. Muhammad Aminkhan Madrasah was built by Muhammad Amin Khan, leader of the Kungur dynasty from 1846 to 1855, on the qibla side of the Ark in 1852 – 1855. The madrasa, covering an area of 71.7 by 60.0 meters, was the most luxurious and largest educational institution in Khiva, beautifully decorated and designed to accommodate 260 students. The construction incorporated the experience of building two-room and verandah-like cells on the second floor. The madrasa housed a library and a courthouse. The Madamin Khan madrasah was constructed in the form of a caravanserai, and the adjoining minaret was left unfinished due to the khan’s death. The minaret, which began during Muhammad Amin’s reign at the street entrance to the Ichan Qala through Ota Darvaza, was intended to be the most beautiful in Turkestan, reaching about 100 meters in height. Its base has a diameter of 14.2 meters, and the remaining visible part is 29 meters tall. It is popularly called the “Kuk Minor” due to its durability, scale, and white, green, and turquoise tiled patterns. Muhammad Rahimkhan Madrasah, constructed during the 47-year reign of Muhammad Rahimkhan II (1864 – 1910), further enhanced Khiva’s architectural landscape. The khan built many madrasahs and mosques, with minarets erected next to 10 of the 35 madrasahs in the city. Muhammad Rahimkhan Madrasa, whose construction started in 1871, stands out with its grandeur. Built under Minister Ibrahim Khoja’s leadership opposite the Old Ark courtyard in the Ichan Qala, the front of the madrasah features two floors, while the rest is one. Its area measures 62.4 by 49.7 meters. Inside, there was a mosque, a classroom, a library, and 76 rooms. Isfandiyorkhan, also known as Nurullaboy Palace, was developed between 1904 and 1912 by the second Muhammad Rahimkhan and his son Isfandiyorkhan (1910–1918). They constructed the Arzkhona, Harem (1904), and Hotel (1912) buildings as part of the palace complex. In 1912, a new reception hall was completed 382 383384 385 Tarixiy asarlarda Shahrisabzga “Qubbat ul-ilm va-l-adab”, ya’ni ilm va adab o‘chog‘i nisbati ham beriladi. Bu yerda turkiy dunyo faxri Xusrav Dehlaviy (1253 – 1325), Abdulqodir Bedil (1644 – 1720), Mirzo G‘olib (1797 – 1869) kabi allomalarning ota-bobolari tug‘ilgan. Amir Temur va temuriylar davrida Shahrisabz Turon, umuman jahonning yirik shaharlaridan biriga aylangan edi. Sohibqiron tashabbusi bilan Oqsaroy qarorgohi va Dor us-siyodat majmuasi qurilgan. Shahar atrofi qal’a devori bilan o‘rab olingan. O‘sha paytda Shahrisabz shahrining to‘rt darvozasi bo‘lgan: Ark (shimoliy), Kunchiqar (sharqiy), Qushxona (g‘arbiy), Termiz (janubiy). Oqsaroy. Oqsaroyning qurilishi 1380- yili boshlanib 1386-yili o‘z nihoyasiga yetgan. Ammo bezaklash ishlari 1404- yili ham davom etgani ma’lum. Saroy qurilishida Xorazm, Eron va boshqa ko‘plab hududlardan hunarmandlar qatnashganlar. Inshoot avvaliga 73 metrlik bo‘lishi kerak edi. Uning tom qismida kichik suv hovuzi joylashtirilgan, undan quvurchalar orqali o‘tgan suv sharshara hosil qilgan. Saroy poydevorini bunyod etishda oltin qum ishlatilgan. Bino poydevori ancha chuqur qilib qurilgan. Oqsaroy devorlaridagi ranglar jilosi, tarixiy, falsafiy va diniy mavzudagi, kufiy, suls yozuvlari, koshinkori bezaklar, islimiy, girih naqshlarning o‘zaro uyg‘unligi binoga ajoyib va sehrli mazmun bag‘ishlagan. Yetti xil bo‘yoqdagi tabiiy naqshlar bilan bezatilgan Oqsaroy peshtoqida “Sulton Allohning yerdagi soyasidir” degan mazmundagi yozuvlar bitilgan. Oqsaroy peshtoq ustunining old tomonida, cho‘zilgan oltiburchak shaklida arab tilida “Adolat – davlat asosi va hukmdorlarning shioridir” deb o‘qiladigan yozuv olti marta takrorlangan. Oqsaroyning old tomonidagi cho‘zilgan peshtoqida arab tilining “kufiy” uslubida va tilla suvi yugurtirilgan matnda “Podsholarning so‘zi so‘zlar orasida podshodir” degan yozuvlar ham bo‘lgan. Shuningdek, Oqsaroyda “Bizning qudratimizga shubha qilsangiz biz qurgan imoratlarni boqing”, “Oqil o‘z amaliga suyanadi, johil esa orzu-umidiga” kabi hikmatli so‘zlar bitilgan. In historical works, Shahrisabz is also referred to as «Qubbat ul-‘ilm wa-l-adab», meaning the “Dome of Knowledge and Literature“. This place was the birthplace of eminent scholars such as Khusrav Dehlavi (1253–1325), Abdulqadir Bedil (1644–1720), and Mirzo Gholib (1797–1869). During the era of Amir Timur and the Timurids, Shahrisabz became one of the major cities of Turkestan and the world. By the initiative of Amir Timur, the Oqsaroy residence and the Dor us saodat complex were built. The city was surrounded by fortress walls. At that time, Shahrisabz had four gates: Ark (north), Kunchiqar (east), Kushhona (west), and Termiz (south). Oqsaroy. Construction of Oqsaroy began in 1380 and was completed by 1386. However, decorative work continued until 1404. Craftsmen from Khorezm, Iran, and many other regions participated in building the palace. Initially, the structure was supposed to be 73 meters tall. Its roof featured a small water basin from which water flowed through fountains, creating a waterfall effect. Gold sand was used in laying the foundation of the palace. The foundation was built quite deep. The colorful decorations on the walls of Oqsaroy, featuring historical, philosophical, and religious motifs, Kufic and Suls scripts, mosaic ornaments, Islamic patterns, and intricate carvings, bestowed the building with a marvelous and magical significance. The portal of Oqsaroy, adorned with seven types of natural patterns, bears inscriptions stating, “Sultan Allah is the shade on earth”. On the front of the portal’s supporting column, a repeated six times in golden Arabic letters reads: “Justice is the foundation of the state and the motto of rulers”. The elongated portal in front of Oqsaroy contains inscriptions in Kufic script, stating: “The words of a ruler are ruler among words,” written in golden liquid. There are also wise sayings inside the palace, such as If you have any doubt to our power, just have a look to our construction“ and “The wise rely on their deeds, the ignorant on their hopes”. In the courtyard, there is a pond, a large vaulted room called the dewankhana

SHAHRISABZ – YASHIL VA

ZABARDAST SHAHAR

Sherzodxon Mahmudov, FA Tarix instituti “O‘rta asrlar tarixi” bo‘limi boshlig‘i, tarix fanlari doktori Boy o‘tmishi, madaniyati va tarixiy obidalari bilan shuhrat qozongan Shahrisabz o‘zbek davlatchiligi tarixida muhim o‘rin tutadi. Yashil shahar ma’nosini bildirgan Shahrisabz atamasi 15-yuzyillikdan buyon qo‘llana boshlangan. Ungacha esa turar yer, uyni anglatuvchi Kesh nomi bilan mashhur bo‘lgan. Shaharning alohida tarixiy xosiyati bor: undan 22 km sharqda, Tanhoz daryosi bo‘yidagi Achig‘i qishlog‘ida 1336-yili ulug‘ Amir Temur tug‘ilgan.