Ворота Турана

GATEWAY OF TURAN

Sherzodhon Mahmudov, Head of the “Department of Medieval History”, Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan Termiz and its environs, among the oldest cultural centers of Turan, have a history spanning 3,000 years. In this region remains of ancient Zoroastrian, Nestorian and Buddhist forts and citadels, and other architectural monuments have been preserved. The historic core of Termiz is a right- angled fortress built along the Surkhandarya River, one side of which (almost 470 meters) lies lengthwise along the bank. On the site of the ancient citadel of Termiz, which in the 4th–3rd centuries BCE occupied an area of 10 hectares, and there was a settlement. The monuments of Termiz and its surroundings such as Sopollitepa, Jarqoton, Dalvarzintepa, Tillabuloq, Darband, Temir Darvoza, Kholchayon, Chingiztepa, Old Termiz, Qiziltepa, Zartepa, Khayrobodtepa, Ayritom, Talitogora, Qorghonzol, Fayoztepa, Kampirtepa, Zurmala, Bolaliktepa, Qoratepa, Qorghon, Tavka, Qirqqiz, Budrachtepa are form the oldest foundations of Turan civilization. Many scholars came from Termiz even during the First Renaissance (Early Islamic period). Later, in their honor, beautiful and majestic architectural masterpieces such as mausoleums were erected. The Hakim Termizi Mausoleum. Around the mausoleum of the famous Turan hadith scholar and Sufi sheikh Hakim Termizi (820–932), an architectural complex took shape between the 9th and 15th centuries. This complex, which includes a mosque, mausoleum, khanaqah and corral-like structures, was repaired at various times. Initially the khanaqah where Hakim Termizi himself taught was built. After the scholar’s death a mausoleum was erected over his tomb, turning the site into a sacred shrine. To the north of the mausoleum, in the 11th–12th centuries, a prayer mosque in the form of an arcade-like passage with three domes and several ancillary rooms was added. In the center of the mosque’s western wall there is

TERMIZ — TURON

JANUBIY DARVOZASI

Sherzodxon Mahmudov, FA Tarix instituti “O‘rta asrlar tarixi” bo‘limi boshlig‘i, tarix fanlari doktori Turonning eng qadimgi madaniyat o‘choqlaridan Termiz va uning atrofi 3000 yillik tarixga ega. Ushbu tegrada qadimgi zardushtiylik, nestorianlik va buddaviylik qal’a va qo‘rg‘onlari yodgorliklari, me’morchilik obidalari saqlanib qolgan. Termizning tarixiy o‘zagi Surxondaryo daryosi bo‘yida qurilgan to‘g‘ri burchakli ark bo‘lib, uning bir tomoni (470 metrga yaqin) qirg‘oq bo‘ylab uzunasiga joylashgan. Miloddan oldingi 4 – 3-yuzyilliklarda 10 gektar maydonni egallagan Termizning qadimiy qal’asi o‘rnida aholi manzilgohi bo‘lgan. Termiz va uning atrofidagi Sopollitepa, Jarqo‘ton, Dalvarzintepa, Tillabuloq, Darband, Temir darvoza, Xolchayon, Chingiztepa, Eski Termiz, Qiziltepa, Zartepa, Xayrobodtepa, Ayritom, Talitog‘ora, Qo‘rg‘onzol, Fayoztepa, Kampirtepa, Zurmala, Bolaliktepa, Qoratepa, Qo‘rg‘on, Tavka, Qirqqiz, Budrachtepa yodgorliklari Turon tamaddunining eng qadimgi asoslaridir. Birinchi Uyg‘onish davrida ham Termizdan ko‘plab olimlar yetishib chiqqanlar. Keyinchalik ularning sharafiga atab go‘zal va mahobatli me’morchilik namunalari – maqbralar ham bunyod etildi. Hakim Termiziy maqbarasi. Turonlik taniqli muhaddis va tasavvuf shayxlaridan Hakim Termiziy (820 – 932) maqbarasi atrofida 9 – 15-yuzyilliklarda Hakim Termiziy me’moriy majmuasi shakllangan. Masjid, maqbara, xonaqoh, qorixona kabi binolardan iborat ushbu majmua turli davrlarda ta’mirlangan. Dastlab Hakim Termiziyning o‘zi mudarrislik qilgan xonaqoh qurilgan. Allomaning vafotidan so‘ng uning go‘ri ustida maqbara qurilib, muqaddas ziyoratgohga aylangan. Maqbara shimolida 11 – 12-yuzyilliklarda uch gumbazli, ravoqli yo‘lak ko‘rinishidagi namozgoh masjidi hamda bir necha qo‘shimcha xonalar qo‘shilgan. Masjidning g‘arbiy devori markazida keng hoshiyali mehrob bor. Undagi bo‘rtma yozuv, The courtyard floor is paved with marble. Doors were fitted to the surrounding cells, and grilles were installed in their openings. Construction work was completed in 1660, that is, after the death of Yalangtosh Bahodir. Ulugh Beg observatory was built by Ulugh Beg between 1420 and 1428 on the Kohak hill by the Obirahmat canal, north of Samarkand. The observatory is a large circular three- story building about 30 meters high, containing a large quadrant with a radius of 41 meters and an arc 63 meters long. The southern part of the quadrant lies underground, while the remainder to the north rises 30 meters above ground level. The building’s walls are covered with glazed tiles and decorated with colorful patterns; on its walls and ceilings are depicted the levels of the heavens, the seven planets and stars, as well as the globe, the seven climes, mountains and deserts, rivers and seas reaching to the oceans. For thirty years major research and observations were carried out at the observatory. The motions of all the planets around the sun were observed, the movements of 1,018 stars were tracked, and Ulugh Beg’s Zij was written. Thus Samarkand, one of humanity’s ancient centers, also occupied an important place in the development of Turkic culture. Over millennia the agriculture, crafts and trade that formed and developed in and around the city led to the growth of its economic and social capacities and to advances in education, science and cultural life. This process reached its peak especially during the reign of Amir Timur and the Timurids – magnificent constructions were undertaken, and great achievements were made in science, literature and architecture. This flourishing is recognized by all as the golden age of the Timurids. panjaralar ishlangan. Qurilish ishlari 1660- yili, ya’ni Yalangto‘sh Bahodir o‘limidan so‘ng tugallangan. Ulug‘bek rasadxonasi Ulug‘bek tomonidan 1420 – 1428-yillar mobaynida Samarqandning shimolida, Obirahmat arig‘i bo‘yidagi Ko‘hak tepaligida qurdirilgan. Rasadxona aylana shaklida uch qavatli, balandligi 30 metrdan iborat ulkan bino bo‘lib, unda radiusi 41 metrli katta kvadrant, uzunligi 63 metrli yoy bo‘lgan. Kvadrantning janubiy qismi yer ostida joylashgan bo‘lib, qolgani shimol tomonda yer sathidan 30 metr baland bo‘lgan. Binoning devorlari sirli koshinlar bilan qoplangan, rang-barang naqshlar bilan bezatilib, devor va shiftlarida osmon darajalari, yetti sayyora hamda yulduzlar, shuningdek, yer kurrasi, yetti iqlim, tog‘u sahrolar va daryo-yu dengizlar hamda ummonlargacha tasvirlangan. Rasadxonada 30 yil davomida yirik tadqiqotlar va kuzatuvlar olib borilgan. Barcha sayyoralarning quyosh atrofida aylanishi, 1018 ta yulduzning harakati kuzatilgan va Ulug‘bekning “Zij” asari yaratilgan. Demak, kishilikning qadimiy o‘choqlaridan biri bo‘lgan Samarqand turkiy madaniyat taraqqiyotida ham muhim o‘rin tutgan. Mingyilliklar davomida ushbu shahar va uning atrofida shakllangan va taraqqiy etgan dehqonchilik, hunarmandchilik va savdo uning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy imkoniyatlarining ortib borishi, ta’lim, ilm- fan rivoji, madaniy hayot taraqqiyotiga olib kelgan. Bu jarayon, ayniqsa Amir Temur va temuriylar davrida o‘zining yuqori cho‘qqisiga chiqqan – muhtasham qurilishlar olib borilgan, ilm-fan, adabiyot, me’morchilik borasida katta yutuqlarga erishilgan. Mazkur yuksalish Temuriylar oltin davri o‘laroq barcha tomonidan tan olingan. Sulton Saodat majmuasi Termiz sayyidlari ko‘milgan mahobatli maqbaralarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Sayyidlar sulolasining asoschilari Hasan Amir va boshqa manbalarga ko‘ra, Amir Sayyid Ali Akbar Termiziy, shuningdek, taxminan 9-yuzyillik oxiri yoki 10-yuzyillik boshlarida Termizda vafot etgan Abu Muhammad kunyasi bilan mashhur bo‘lgan kishilardir. Termiz sayidlari payg‘ambar Muhammad (s.a.v.) qizi Fotimaning o‘g‘li imom Husaynning beshinchi avlodi bo‘lgan Hasan Amirga borib taqaladilar. Hasan Amir o‘zining yaqinlari bilan 850-yili Samarqandga keladi va u yerda o‘n bir yil yashab, Balxga ko‘chadi. Taxminan 865-yili Termizga ko‘chib keladi va shu yerda butunlay o‘rnashib qoladi. Amir Temur hukmronligi davrida ham Termiz sayyidlari xonadonining nufuzi katta bo‘lgan. Ulardan Abulmaoliy va Ali Akbar Sohibqironning harbiy yurishlarida qatnashganlar. Sohibqiron Termiz sayyidlari xonadonida to‘xtab, 2 – 3 kun ularning mehmoni bo‘lgani ham ma’lum. Qachonlardir Sulton Saodat majmuasining bir qismi hisoblangan, hozirda saqlanmagan, Amir Temur tomonidan bunyod etilgan xonaqoh, uning Termiz sayyidlariga ko‘rsatgan hurmati namunasidir. Sulton Saodat majmuasi 12 – 17-yuzyilliklar, ya’ni yetti yuz yil davomida shakllangan. Unda sayyidlar sulolasining 20 ga yaqin maqbaralari joylashgan. Xalq orasida Sulton Saodat maqbarasi nomi bilan mashhur bo‘lgan maqbaralar 12-yuzyillikda, qolganlari, asosan, 15 – 17-yuzyilliklarda yonma-yon qurilib, uzun hovlining ikki tomonini egallagan. Abu Iso Termiziy maqbarasi. Turonlik hadis ilmi namoyondalaridan, olti sahih kitoblardan birining sohibi va o‘z davrining yetuk olimlaridan sanalgan, islom dunyosi hadisshunosligida Imom Buxoriydan keyin ikkinchi o‘rinda turuvchi alloma, ko‘plab asarlar muallifi Imom Abu Iso Termiziy (824 – 892) eski Termiz shahridan yetishib chiqqan ulug‘ olimlardan biridir. U kishiga atab 11 – 12-yuzyilliklarda yaratilgan me’moriy yodgorlik bir-biridan ravoqlar orqali o‘tuvchi 4 xonadan iborat yaxlit bino ko‘rinishida, xonalar tarhi 4,3 x 4,5 metr. Go‘rxonadan tor uzun yo‘lak orqali xonaqohga o‘tiladi. Xonaqoh gumbaz fired brick on a foundation raised one and a half meters. The Sultan Saodat complex includes the magnificent mausoleums of the Termiz sayyids. According to some sources, the founders of the sayyid lineage were Hasan Amir, and according to other sources Amir Sayyid Ali Akbar Termizi; also mentioned is a figure known by the kunya Abu Muhammad who died in Termiz at the end of the 9th or the beginning of the 10th century. The Termiz sayyids trace their lineage to Hasan Amir, who was the fifth-generation descendant of Imam Husayn, the son of Fatima, daughter of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Hasan Amir arrived in Samarkand with his relatives in 850, lived there for eleven years, then moved to Balkh, and around 865 he settled permanently in Termiz. Even during the reign of Amir Timur, the Termiz sayyid family retained great prestige. Among them, Abulma‘ali and Ali Akbar took part in Sahibqiran’s military campaigns. It is also known that Sahibqiran made a stop at the household of the Termiz sayyids and stayed as their guest for two to three days. The khanaqah, once part of the Sultan Saodat complex but now not preserved, was built by Amir Timur and is an example of the respect he showed to the Termiz sayyids. The Sultan Saodat complex was formed between the 12th and 17th centuries, spanning seven hundred years. It contains nearly 20 tombs of the Sayyid clan. Among the tombs, known locally as the Sultan Saodat mausoleum, were built in the 12th century, while the rest, mainly from the 15th to 17th centuries, were constructed side by side, occupying both sides of a long courtyard. The Mausoleum of Abu Isa Tirmizi. This is the tomb of a prominent scholar of Turan, the author of one of the six authentic books, and one of the leading scholars of his time— second only to Imam Bukhari in the Islamic world’s hadith sciences. Imam Abu Isa Tirmizi (824–892) was a great scholar originating from the old city of Termez. The memorial complex dedicated to him was built in the 11th–12th centuries as a single structure consisting of four interconnected halls, each measuring approximately 4.3 by 4.5 meters. sopol shakllar, oraliq zaminidagi o‘yma ganch bezaklar o‘ziga xos. Masjid ustunlari g‘ishtdan bezakli qilib terilgan. Masjiddan ravoq orqali maqbaraga o‘tilgan. Maqbara ichi ganch o‘ymakorligida gilam nusxa bezakda serhasham pardozlangan. Maqbara ichidagi oq marmar sag‘ana temuriylar davridagi tosh o‘ymakorligining yuksak namunasidir. Sag‘ananing uch pog‘onali asosi islimiy naqsh va yozuvli hoshiyalar, o‘rta qismidagi uch mehrobiy tokchaning markaziy (o‘rta) qismi muqarnas kosachalar, ikki yoni shamchiroq tasviri bilan bezatilgan. Sag‘anadagi yozuvlarda alloma hayoti va faoliyati tavsiflangan. Temuriylar hukmronligi davrida (15-yuzyillik) xonaqoh bir yarim metrli baland asos ustiga pishiq g‘ishtdan qayta qurildi. a large framed mihrab. Its raised inscriptions, ceramic forms and carved plaster decorations on the intermediate floor are distinctive. The mosque’s columns are faced with decorative brickwork. From the mosque one passes to the mausoleum through an arcade. The interior of the mausoleum is richly decorated with carved plaster in carpet-like motifs. The white marble cenotaph (saghana) inside the mausoleum is an outstanding example of Timurid stone carving. The saghana’s three-tiered base is decorated with Islamic motifs and inscribed frames; the central portion of the three mihrab- like panels is filled with muqarnas niches, and the two sides are adorned with lamp motifs. Inscriptions on the sag‘ana describe the life and activities of the scholar. During Timurid rule (15th century) the khanaqah was rebuilt of Eski_Termiz_qal’a qismining eni 5,75 metr, balandligi 12,1 metr, ravoq qanoti 5,8 metrga teng bo‘lgan. Usti uch qism – yo‘lovchi, transport va suv o‘tishi uchun novlardan iborat. Said Otaliq madrasasi 16-yuzyillikning eng katta madrasalaridan biri bo‘lib, Denov shahrida qad ko‘targan. Qur’on suralariga monand 114 ta hujradan iborat qilib qurilgan ikki qavatli inshoot. Ayrim ma’lumotlarga ko‘ra, madrasa Naqshbandiya tariqatining arboblaridan biri Xoja Alouddin Attorga (vafoti 1399) atab u kishining avlodlari tomonidan 26 yil davomida qurilgan. Madrasa qurilishi buyurtmachisi Said Otaliq ham Alouddin Attor avlodidan bo‘lgan. Qurilishga usta Ahmad Muhammad Buxoriy rahbarlik qilgan. Poydevorining qalinligi 5,5 metr bo‘lgan imorat shimoldan janubga tomon cho‘zilgan, to‘g‘ri to‘rtburchak tarhli (46 x 64 metr), burchaklariga guldastalar ishlangan. Peshtog‘ining ikki yon tomonida route connecting Termiz with Chaghoniyon and Hisar. During the Shaybanid period (1534–1598), the bridge, rebuilt from solid bricks, had a total length of 70 meters, a passage width of 5.75 meters, a height of 12.1 meters, and a span of 5.8 meters. Its top comprises three sections—designated for pedestrians, transportation, and water passage, respectively. The Said Otaliq madrasa was one of the largest madrasas of the 16th century, established in Denow city. It is a two-story building consisting of 114 rooms, built according to the Quranic surahs motif. According to some sources, the madrasa was built for 26 years by descendants of Khoja Alouddin Attor (deceased in 1399), a prominent figure of the Naqshbandi order. The builder of the madrasa was Said Otaliq, also from the Attor lineage. The construction was led by master Ahmad Muhammad Bukhari. Sulton_Saodat_Surxondaryo tomli va mehrobli. 1990-yili Imom Termiziy tavalludining 1200 yilligi munosabati bilan yodgorlik majmuasi qaytadan ta’mirlangan. 1996-yili ham Amir Temur tavalludining 660 yilligi munosabati bilan maqbarada ta’mirlash ishlari olib borildi. O‘zbekiston Prezidenti Sh.M. Mirziyoyevning tashabbusi bilan 2016 – 2017-yillari Abu Iso Termiziy majmuasida ulkan ta’mirlash va obodonlashtirish ishlari amalga oshirildi. Jumladan, 450 o‘rinli masjid, oshxona, beshta sharqona ayvoncha va uchta sharqona darvoza qurildi. Imom Termiziy maqbarasi qayta ta’mirlanib, uning yoniga qo‘shimcha ziyoratgoh bunyod etildi. Jarqo‘rg‘on minorasi Surxondaryo viloyati Jarqo‘rg‘on tumani Minor qishlog‘ida 1108 – 1109-yillari qurilgan. Yonida bizgacha yetib kelmagan, pishiq g‘ishtdan qurilgan Jome masjidi ham bo‘lgan. Noyob me’moriy yechimda yaratilgan minoraning tepasi 16 ta kungurali ustunlar shaklida ishlangan bo‘lib, uning asosiga tushgan sari ular go‘yoki, yoy singari yoyilib ketayotgandek tuyuladi. Kunguralar kufiy uslubda bitilgan hoshiyalar bilan bog‘lanib, o‘ziga xos mahobat kasb etadi. Jarqo‘rg‘on minorasining asosi 8 qirrali kursiga o‘rnatilgan. Har bir qirraning markazida ravoqli taxmonlar ishlangan. Ana shunday taxmonlardan birida joylashgan eshik orqali minoraning ichki qismidagi aylanma zinaga chiqiladi. Barcha minoralar singari Jarqo‘rg‘on minorasi ham gumbazsimon muazzinxona bilan yakunlanadi. Minora bo‘yi boshida 54 metrni tashkil qilgan, ammo minoraning tepasi saqlanmagan. Minoraning hozirgi balandligi 21,6 metr, asosining (aylanasi 5,4 metr) kitobasida me’mor nomi Ali ibn Muhammad Saraxsiy va qurilgan sanasi yozilgan. Iskandar ko‘prigi. Qumqo‘rg‘on va Jarqo‘rg‘on tumanlari chegarasidan o‘tgan Bandixonsoyda shayboniy Iskandarxon (1561 – 1583) topshirig‘iga ko‘ra qurdirilgan ko‘prik. Ko‘prik qurilgan yerda soy 20 metr kenglikka va 10 metr chuqurlikka ega dara hosil qilgan. Ko‘prik Termiz bilan Chag‘oniyon va Hisorni bog‘lab turgan muhim karvon yo‘lida qurilgan. Shayboniy Abdullaxon davrida (1534 – 1598) pishiq g‘ishtdan qayta qurilgan ko‘prikning umumiy uzunligi 70 metr, o‘tish The visitor enters the khanaqah through a narrow corridor from the tomb area. The khanaqah has a dome-shaped roof and a mihrab. In 1990, the monument was renovated in honor of the 1200th anniversary of Imam Tirmizi’s birth. In 1996, during the 660th anniversary of Amir Timur’s birth, restoration was carried out on the mausoleum. Encouraged by the initiative of Uzbekistan’s President Sh. M. Mirziyoyev, significant renovation and landscaping work was conducted in 2016–2017. As part of this, a mosque with the capacity of 450 people, a kitchen, five Eastern-style verandas, and three Eastern-style gates were built. The Imam Tirmizi mausoleum was restored, and an additional pilgrimage site was built next to it. Jarqurgan tower was built in 1108–1109 in the village of Minor, Jarqurgan district, Surkhandarya Region. Next to it was a large mosque made of solid bricks, which no longer exists today. The tower features a unique architectural design, with a top composed of 16 pointed columns, resembling branches spreading outward as one moves down toward the base. These pointed structures are connected by Kufic-style inscriptions, creating a majestic appearance. The foundation of the Jarqurgan tower is set on an octagonal base. In the center of each side, there are decorative motifs. From one of these motifs, accessible via a door, one enters the internal spiral staircase of the tower. Like all towers, it is topped with a vaulted, minaret-shaped prayer room. Initially, the tower was 54 meters tall, but the top was later lost. Currently, the tower stands at 21.6 meters tall, and the base (with a circumference of 5.4 meters) bears the inscription of the architect’s name, Ali ibn Muhammad Sarahsi, along with the date of construction. Bridge of Iskandar. This bridge spans the Bandikhan River on the border of Qumqorghon and Jarqurgan districts. It was built at the instruction of Shaybonid Iskandarkhan (1561–1583). The site where the bridge was constructed formed a waterway 20 meters wide and 10 meters deep. The bridge was built on the important caravan thick. It includes solid military structures, such as complex rectangular towers. This fortification is composed of interconnected walls and observation towers situated on cliffs. From the site, pottery objects, spearheads from various periods, and silver or mercury-plated plaques have been uncovered. Therefore, Termez played a unique role in the cultural development of Turan. The preserved historical monuments, the lifestyle and worldview of the natives, their religious beliefs, spirituality, and highly developed visual arts show the region’s significance as a vibrant example of Turkic world culture. Tarkibiga murakkab to‘g‘ri to‘rtburchak shakldagi burjlar kabi mustahkam harbiy inshootlari kiradi. Bu istehkom bir-biri bilan bog‘liq bir necha devorlar va qoyalarda joylashgan kuzatuv burjlaridan tarkib topgan. Istehkomdan sopol buyumlar, turli davrlarga oid nayza uchlari va kumush yoki simob qoplamali lavhalar topilgan. Demak, Termiz Turonda kechgan madaniy jarayonlarda o‘ziga xos o‘ringa ega bo‘lgan. Bu yerda saqlanib qolgan tarixiy obidalar, bu hududda yashagan aholining turmush tarzi, tafakkuri, diniy qarashlari, ma’naviyati, yuqori darajada rivojlangan tasviriy san’atini namoyon qilishi bilan birga turkiy dunyo madaniyatining yorqin namunasi sifatida namoyon bo‘ladi. Fayoztepa_Termiz ikki qavatli uch ravoqli peshayvoni bor. Peshtoq orqali kiraverishda miyonsaroy (bir necha bo‘limlardan iborat), uning ikki yonida chortoq tarhli masjid va darsxona bor. Miyonsaroy gumbazi qalqonsimon qanoslar, masjid va darsxona gumbazlari toqilarga tayangan. Hovli (40 x 29,5 metr) atrofida oldi chuqur ravoqli, ikki qavatli hujralar joylashgan. Pastki qavatdagi hujralar o‘lchovi 4,75 x 2,75 metr va yuqorisidagi hujralarniki esa 2,75 x 2,25 metr, tomi balxiy gumbazli. Peshtog‘i va ichki xonalarida miyonsaroy ravoqlarida ganchkori bezaklar va ichki bo‘rtma qobirg‘asimon, muqarnas naqshlar saqlangan. Hujra derazalariga ganchdan panjaralar ishlangan. Tumanqo‘rg‘on qal’asi. Turondan o‘tgan yirik savdo yo‘llarining asosiy manzillaridan biri sifatida dovrug‘ taratgan bu qal’aning uch tomoni chuqur jarlik bilan tutashib, tevarak atrofi mudofaa devori bilan o‘rab olingan. Qal’a yirik savdo markazi sifatida muhim ahamiyat kasb etgan. Tarixiy manbalarda Xorazm, Samarqand, Kesh, Naxshabdan Chag‘oniyon, Xitoy Hindiston tomonga yo‘l olgan sayyohlar, karvonlarning ushbu qal’ada savdo-sotiq ishlari bilan shug‘ullanganlari tilga olinadi. Inshoot devorlari orasidan badiiy san’at namunalari, taxtda o‘tirgan ma’buda, musiqa asbobi chalayotgan ayol haykalchalari, bezakli sopol idishlari, shuningdek halqasimon bilakuzuklar, qo‘ng‘iroqchalar, jez uzuklar topilgan.Ular orasida chet yurtlardan keltirilgan taqinchoqlarning borligi masalan, Misr pistasidan tayyorlangan havo rang munchoqlarning mavjudligi, o‘z vaqtida qal’aning xalqaro obro‘-e’tibori ancha baland bo‘lganidan darak beradi. Tumanqo‘rg‘on qal’asi ota- bobolarimizning ongi, tushunchasi, tafakkuri turmush tarzi, yuksak tasviriy san’ati haqida tasavvur beruvchi manbalardan biri sifatida qimmatlidir. Uzundara istehkomi Boysun tumani shimoli-g‘arbidagi Suvsiztog‘ cho‘qqisida joylashgan yodgorlik bo‘lib, u Boxtar hamda So‘g‘d chegarasida shimoliy hudud mudofaasini ta’minlagan muhim inshoot hisoblangan. Uzundara qal’asi 1700 kvadrat metr maydonni egallagan. Qal’a mudofaa devorlari qalinligi 9 metrni tashkil etadi. The structure’s foundation, 5.5 meters thick, extends from north to south. It has a rectangular shape (46 by 64 meters) with floral carvings on the corners. On both sides of the portal, there is a two-story, three- arch corridor. Entrance is through a portal leading to a courtyard (40 x 29.5 meters), surrounded by deep, two-story small rooms. The rooms on the lower floor measure 4. The measurements of the rooms on the lower floor are 4.75 by 2.75 meters, and the rooms above are 2.75 by 2.25 meters, with a domed roof. The wall panels and interior rooms feature stucco decorations and intricate carvings in the upper arches, as well as muqarnas patterns. The windows of the rooms are protected by wrought iron grids. Tumankorghon Fortress. This fortress, renowned as one of the main destinations along major trade routes passing through Turan, has all three sides connected by deep ravines and surrounded by defensive walls. The fortress served as an important trading hub. Historical sources mention that travelers and caravans from Khorezm, Samarkand, Kesh, and Nakhshab, heading towards Chaghoniyon, China, and India, conducted trade activities within this fortress. Inside the walls of the structure, examples of fine arts have been found, including statues of deities seated on thrones, women playing musical instruments, decorative pottery, as well as circular bracelets, bells, and ring-like ornaments. Among these findings, jewelry imported from abroad, such as enamel beads made from Egyptian turquoise, indicates that, at one time, the fortress had a high international reputation. The Tumankorghon fortress is a valuable resource for understanding the consciousness, worldview, social practices, and high artistic achievements of our ancestors. Uzundara fortification is a monument located on the Suvsiztogh summit in the northwest of Boysun district. It was a crucial structure protecting the northern borders, situated near Bokhtar and Sogd. The Uzundara fortress covers an area of 1,700 square meters, with defensive walls 9 meters ularning yirik olim bo‘lib yetishishlarida Turon tamaddunining ta’siri juda kattadir. Turkiy madaniyat va merosni Xorazm me’morchiligi namunalarisiz tasavvur qilib bo‘lmaydi, albatta. Ularning ko‘pchligi saqlanib qolgan Xiva shahri Turkiy dunyo madaniyati poytaxti maqomiga loyiq ko‘rilgan. Xivaning hozirgi tarixiy-me’moriy qiyofasi 18 – 19-yuzyilliklarda asta-sekinlik bilan sayqal topib borgan. Bu yerda miloddan oldingi 8-yuzyillikdan barpo etila boshlangan qal’a va istehkomlarning qoldiqlaridan tortib, 20-yuzyillik boshlarigacha qurilgan saroy, masjid, madrasa, minora, mehmon va boshqa imoratlar o‘z mahobatlari bilan ajralib turadilar. O‘zbek davlatining qo‘ng‘irotlar sulolasi (1763 – 1920) boshqaruvidagi Xorazm xonligida 120 ta madrasa va 63 ta qorixona, masjidlar, maqbaralar qurilgani ma’lum. Ichan va Dishan Qal’a. Ichan qal’a to‘g‘ri to‘rtburchak shaklida qurilgan bo‘lib, shimoldan janub tomonga 650 metr, kengligi 400 metr, umumiy maydoni 26 gektarga teng Xiva shahrining ilk markazi Polvonyop (qadimgi nomi Heyqaniq) katta arig‘i bo‘yida barpo qilingan. Ichan qal’a mudofaa devorlari asosining kengligi 5 – 6 metr, balandligi 7 – 8 metr, devor kengligi 2 – 2,5 metr, uzunligi 2200 metrni tashkil etadi. Ichan qal’aga to‘rtta darvoza orqali kiriladi: shimoliy – Bog‘cha, g‘arbiy-Ota, sharqiy- Polvon, janubiy-Dosh yoki Ko‘hna Bozor darvozalari. Qo‘ng‘irotlar sulolasini 1825 – 1845-yillari boshqargan Olloqulixonning buyrug‘i bilan 1842-yili Ichan qal’aning tashqi qismida uzunligi 6000 metrdan ortiq, balandligi 6 – 8 metrli yangi mudofaa devori tiklanadi. Shu davrlardan boshlab Xiva shahri hududi Dishan (Tashqi) va Ichan qal’a deb ajratiladigan bo‘ldi. 19-yuzyillikning 40-yillarida Xivada 2 ta xon saroyi, 17 ta masjid, 22 ta madrasa, karvonsaroy, usti yopiq bozor hamda tashqi devorning Bog‘cha va Shermuhammad Ota darvozalari orasida ochilgan 260 ta do‘kon bo‘lgan. Dishan qal’aning Hazorasp (Qo‘ydarvoza), Pishkanik, Angariq, Tozabog‘, Shayxlar, Shohimardon, Doshyoq, Gadoylar, Qo‘sha va Gandimyon nomli 10 ta darvozasi orqali shaharga kirish-chiqish mumkin edi. Chag‘miniy — who are known worldwide. Certainly, their development into great scientists was significantly influenced by the Turan civilization. Turkic culture and heritage cannot be imagined without examples of Khorezm architecture. The city of Khiva, where many of these monuments have survived, is considered a worthy capital of the Turkic world’s culture. The current historical and architectural appearance of Khiva has gradually been taking form in the 18th and 19th centuries. From the remains of fortresses and outposts built from the 8th century BC, to palaces, mosques, madrasas, minarets, caravanserais, markets, and other structures built up to the early 20th century, their grandeur is evident. It is known that during the rule of the Kungrat dynasty of the Uzbek state (1763–1920), 120 madrasas, 63 caravanserais, mosques, and tombs were constructed in the Khorezm Khanate. Ichan and Dishan Qala. The Ichan Qala was built in a perfect quadrilateral shape, extending 650 meters from north to south, 400 meters wide, covering a total area of 26 hectares. It was erected on the Polvonyop (ancient name Heykaniq) canal, the original central part of Khiva. The defense walls of the Ichan Qala are 5–6 meters wide at the base, 7–8 meters high, with a thickness of 2–2.5 meters, and extend for about 2,200 meters. The gates into the Ichan Qala are four: the northern Boghcha Gate, the western Ota Gate, the eastern Polvon Gate, and the southern Dosh or Old Market Gate. Under the orders of Ollokulikhan, who governed the Kungrat dynasty from 1825 to 1845, a new defensive wall over 6,000 meters long and 6–8 meters high was constructed in 1842 in the outer part of the Ichan Qala. From this period, the city of Khiva was divided into Dishan (outer) and Ichan (inner) Qala. In the 1840s, Khiva boasted two khan palaces, 17 mosques, 22 madrasas, a caravanserai, a covered market, and 260 shops between the Gates of Boghcha and Shermuhammad Ota. The outer Gate at Hazorasp (Qoydarvosa), Pishkanik, Angariq, Tozabog‘, Shayxlar, Shohimardon, Doshyok, Gadoylar, Qusha, and Gandimyon provided access to the city.

XIVA – TURKIY DINYO

MADANIYATI POYTAXTI

Sherzodxon Mahmudov, FA Tarix instituti “O‘rta asrlar tarixi” bo‘limi boshlig‘i, tarix fanlari doktori Xorazm dunyo tamadduni markazlaridan biri bo‘lib, ko‘plab olimlar yetishib chiqqanligi bilan mashhurdir. Birinchi Uyg‘onish davri olimlaridan, dunyo matematika fanida mislsiz kashfiyotlarni amalga oshirgan, “0” – sifr va algebra fanining asosichisi Muhammad Xorazmiy, qomusiy olim Abu Rayxon Beruniy, muhaddislar Mujohid ibn Muso Xorazmiy va Dovud ibn Rashid Xorazmiy, tasavvufning yirik namoyondasi Najmiddin Kubro, matematik va astronom Mahmud Chag‘miniydek buyuk mutafakkirlarni kim bilmaydi, deysiz. Albatta