Редакционная заметка
Mukhametdurdy Mamedov Doctor of Architecture Maksatmurat Amanov - PhD in Art History One of the characteristic features of the crowning elements of medieval tower-type memorial structures in Central Asia is the conical or pyramidal coverings. There are various theories about the origin of this form of roofs. However, the most widespread idea traces their origin to the nomadic environment of the Central Asian Oguzes.…
OF THE KHOREZMSHAHS-
ANUSHTEGINIDS
Mukhametdurdy Mamedov Doctor of Architecture Maksatmurat Amanov - PhD in Art History One of the characteristic features of the crowning elements of medieval tower-type memorial structures in Central Asia is the conical or pyramidal coverings. There are various theories about the origin of this form of roofs. However, the most widespread idea traces their origin to the nomadic environment of the Central Asian Oguzes. This thesis was first proposed by academician G. A. Pugachenkova [Pugachenkova (1949)]. She believed that, initially associated with the ancient funerary customs and structures of Turkic peoples – architecturally dating back to mud and mound-like constructions – they evolved to merge with the style of Central Asian brick minarets. By the 11th century, they had taken on a clear architectural image of a tower-like mausoleum. This concept is generally supported, with additional arguments reinforcing it. It is not only about the abundance of tent-shaped mausoleums along the routes of the Oghuz- Seljuk migrations from Semirechye to Asia Minor but also about the symbolic meaning of the tent (lined, most often, with glazed bricks in sky-blue tones). In the spiritual beliefs of the Turkic aristocracy, this form and color symbolized a connection with the sky (tangry), aiding the deceased’s soul in passing into another world. Within Turkmenistan, notable monuments include the tombs of Khorezmshahs Il-Arslan (12th century) and Tekesh (late 12th – early 13th century), as well as Tyurabek khanim (14th century) in Kunyaurgench. It is possible that, with the Oghuz-Seljuk expansion, the tent form of memorial architecture spread from the Khorezmian region through Dehistan (a historical area in southwestern Turkmenistan) to Iran, Transcaucasia, and Anatolia [Mamedov (2014)]. Researchers have long observed that tent coverings are The Mausoleum of Il Arslan uly penjireler ýerleşdirlipdir. Dörtgyraň tromplar arkaly sekiz gyraňa geçýär, soňra ýediperli balyк şekilli tagçalar bilen bezelen on alty gyraň emele gelip, onuň üstünde gümmez (içki gümmez) oturdylypdyr. Aramgähiň daş tarapynyň beýikligi konus şekilli gümmeziň ýokarky nokadyna çenli 30 metr. Gümmezi saklaýan gümmez asty daýanç diwaryň daşynyň bejerilişi örän gyzykly. Ol dikligine ösüp barýan formalaryň süýgeşikligi bilen tapawutlanýar: ilki bilen öňe çykýan iki gyraň gapyrgalar hem-de ýörite kesilen kerpiçlerden örülen çarçuwajyklara salnan her iki gapyrganyň arasynda ýerleşdirilen iki gat stalaktitler ýerleşdirilipdir. Gapyrgalaryň arasynda figuraly terrakota bilen gurşalan, diwaryň içine biraz çümdürilen pannolar täsirligi hasam güýçlendirýär. Orta Aziýa binagärliginde deňi-taýy bolmadyk munuň ýaly usul-meňzeşlikler Demirgazyk Eýranyň we Zakawkaziýanyň mazarüsti ymaratlarynyň bezeglerinde duşýar. Il-Arslan we Soltan Tekeş kümmetleriniň piramida görnüşli gümmezleriniň aşaky bölegindäki bezeglerinde türkmen halysynyň göllerine meňzeýän romblardan düzülen bezegler bilen örtülendigini bellemelidiris. Romb nagşynyň gözbaşlary Türkmenistanyň günortasynda «Änew medeniýeti» gülläp ösen Eneolit döwrüne degişlidir. followed by two rows of stalactites between each pair framed by curly bricks. The effect is heightened by sunken panels between the ribs, edged with patterned terracotta. It is worth noting that the lower part of the pyramidal domes of both mausoleums is adorned with an ornamental band of diamonds resembling similar patterns found on Turkmen carpets. The origins of this diamond pattern date back to the Chalcolithic era, associated with the “Anau culture” that flourished in southern Turkmenistan. netijesinde hatyra ymaratlarynyň üstüni bezeýän çadyr şekilli üçekler Eýran, Kawkaz we Anadoliýa sebitlerine ýaýrandyr [Ма- медов (2014), 195]. Barlag geçirijiler çadyr görnüşli gümmezler köşklere, metjitlere, medreselere, kerwensaraýlara we beýleki köpçülikleýin binalara mahsus däldigini, ýöne jaýlanyş desgalarynyň ajaýyp häsiýetli nyşanydygyny, manysynyň esasynda gadymy türkleriň dünýägaraýşydygyny belleýärler. Türkmenistanda şeýle binagärligiň iň ajaýyp mysallary: Köneürgençdäki Il Arslanyň kümmeti (XII asyr) «Köneürgenç» taryhy-medeni döwlet goraghanasynyň çäginde Soltan Tekeş kümmetiniň 300 metr günortasynda ýerleşýär. Ol 2005-nji ýylda ÝUNESKO- nyň Bütindünýä mirasynyň sanawyna girizildi. Bu ymarat Horezmşalaryň paýtagtynyň saklanyp galan binalarynyň iň gadymysydyr. Il Arslanyň kümmeti örän seýrek we çeperçilik aýratynlyklary, heniz amala aşyrylmadyk arhitekturanyň ideýalaryny we keşplerini özünde jemleýän iň bir görnükli binalaryň biridir. Kümmetiň gurluş kompozisiýasy özüniň anyklygy, ýönekeýligi bilen tapawutlanýar: kub, onuň üstünde on iki gyraň prizma we on iki gyraň çadyr şekilli daşky gümmez bilen örtülipdir. Ýadygärligiň meýilnamasy dört gyraň, bir otagly, onuň diwarlarynyň ortasynda tagçalar ýerleşdirilipdir. Bu ýerde peştak ýok, emma beýleki kümmetlerden tapawutlylykda, onuň esasy girelgesine ähmiýet berlipdir. Girelgäniň aýlawly üç sany çuň tagçasy bar we taňsygyň ýüzüne oýulyp salnan ösümlik nagyşlary bilen bezelipdir. Desganyň öň tarapynyň nagyşly bezegleriniň düzümi taňsygyň ýüzüne edilen güberçek şekilli ýazgylar bilen tamamlanýar. Il Arslan gümmezi şu sebitde abat saklanyp galan gyraňly (piramida şekilli) gümmezleriň iň gadymysydyr. Köneürgençdäki Soltan Tekeşiň kümmeti (XII asyr) II Arslanyň kümmetinden 300 metr demirgazyk-günbatarda, Gutlug Temiriň minarasynyň 200 metr günorta- gündogarynda ýerleşýär. Bu ýadygärlik 2005-nji ýylda ÝUNESKO-nyň Bütindünýä mirasynyň sanwyna goşuldy. Kümmet dörtgyraň otagly bina, otagyň diwarlarynyň ortasynda çuň tagçalar gurlup, olaryň içinde uncommon in palaces, mosques, madrassas, caravanserais, and other public buildings but are prominently characteristic of funerary structures, reflecting the worldview of the ancient Turks. The most prominent examples of this architecture within Turkmenistan include: The Il-Arslan Mausoleum in Kunyaurgench (12th century), located 300 meters south of the Tekesh Mausoleum. It is the oldest surviving building in the Khorezmshah capital, combining unique technical and artistic features with ideas and images of future architecture yet to be realized. Its shape demonstrates crystalline clarity and simplicity: a cube with a twelve-sided drum prism and an outer dome shaped like a twelve-sided tent. The interior features a square plan, complicated by four niches on each wall of the single chamber. The twelve- sided drum on the façade is pierced with rectangular windows that extend into the interior of the dome. The main entrance is not surrounded by a pronounced portal but is distinctly emphasized, divided into three deep arched niches and decorated with carved terracotta slabs featuring floral motifs. The entire façade is completed with a relief ceramic inscription. The dome of the Il-Arslan Mausoleum is the region’s oldest surviving pyramid-shaped covering. The mausoleum of Sultan Tekesh in Kunyaurgench (12th century), situated 300 meters northwest of the Il-Arslan mausoleum and 200 meters southeast of the Kutlug Timur minaret. It features a square chamber expanded by large pointed niches with stalactite arches, inside which are arched openings transforming into an octagonal shape, decorated with niches resembling seven-lobed concave shells. Subsequently, an internal spherical (not pointed, contrary to some beliefs) dome begins. This mausoleum is notable for its size and the original interpretation of its upper part – the conical cap reaches 30 meters in height from the outside. Its decorated ribbed drum is highly distinctive and has no parallels in Central Asian architecture, resembling the funerary structures of northern Iran and Transcaucasia. It boasts rich, upward-growing plastic forms: initially, strongly protruding dihedral ribs, The mausoleum of Sultan Tekesh 32. Reichl K. (2008). The Turkic epic (traditions, forms, poetic structure). Moscow, Main Editorial Office of Oriental Literature (In Russian). 33. Rempel L. I. (1963). Architectural ornament of Southern Turkmenistan X-XIII centuries. and the Seljuk style problem // Materials of the Southern-Turkmenistan archaeological complex expedition. Issue 12. Ashgabat (In Russian). 34. Sarianidi V. (1967). Secrets of the vanished Karakum art. Moscow, Nauka (In Russian). 35. Sarianidi V. (2002). Margush. 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