Редакционная заметка
Mukhametdurdy Mammadov Doctor of Architecture Maksatmurat Amanov - PhD in Art History A large number of architectural monuments have been preserved on the territory of Turkmenistan, built during the heyday of construction culture in such major Turkic powers as the states of the Great Seljuks and Khorezmshahs. The mausoleum of Abu Saeed (Meana Baba) bilen örtülen, dürli wagtlarda berkidiş, rejeleýiş işleri amala aşyr…
ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
OF THE TURKIC BUILDING
CULTURE IN TURKMENISTAN:
MONUMENTS OF SELJUK
ARCHITECTURE
Mukhametdurdy Mammadov Doctor of Architecture Maksatmurat Amanov - PhD in Art History A large number of architectural monuments have been preserved on the territory of Turkmenistan, built during the heyday of construction culture in such major Turkic powers as the states of the Great Seljuks and Khorezmshahs. The mausoleum of Abu Saeed (Meana Baba) bilen örtülen, dürli wagtlarda berkidiş, rejeleýiş işleri amala aşyrylan, binagärlik toplumyny düzýän ymaratlar bar. Ol 1999-njy ýylda ÝUNESKO-nyň Bütindünýä mirasynyň sanawyna girizildi. Binanyň ýokarsy üç sany kiçiräk, bir uly gümmez bilen örtülen. Gümmezleriň arasyndan beýikligi boýunça tapawutlanýan iň irki bina XII asyryň binasydyr. Bu binanyň ilkibaşdaky diwarynyň daşky görnüşiniň bölegi demirgazyk- günbatar tarapdan (mümkin, XVIII–XIX asyrlarda) pesräk giçki döwürde gurlan metjidiň saýasynda saklanyp galypdyr. 1935-1937-nji ýyllarda bu kümmet N.M.Baçinskiý hem-de W.I.Pilýawskiý tarapyndan öwrenilýär we binagärlik ölçeg işleri geçirilýär. Diwaryň daşynda diregler (kontrforslar) örülýär, bu binanyň berkligine belli bir derejede ýardam berýär. Şeýle-de ilki gadymy kümmetiň ýykylan gümmezini täzeden örtýärler. Muhammet ibn Zeýd kümmetiniň demirgazyk diwarynyň öň ýüzünde, soňky gurlan metjidiň içinden görünýän XII asyra degişli nagyşlaryň bölekleri hem öwrenildi. Şol asyl nusgasynyň kiçiräk, ýöne örän täsin bölegi gowy saklanypdyr. Diwarda jübüt kerpiç örüm usuly, gönüburçly iki giň, bir dar dik tagçalar saklanan. Gönüburçly tagçanyň içinde arkalar ýerleşdirilipdir. Arkalaryň içi, ýokarsy çylşyrymly geometrik şekilleri düzýän nagyşlar bilen doldurylypdyr. Nagyşlaryň gurluş häsiýeti Beýik seljuk türkmen döwletiniň gurluşyk sungatynyň ösen döwrüne gabat gelýär. XII asyr bilen senelenýän binanyň iç ýüzünde reňkli bezegleriň yzlary saklanypdyr (gök, gara, ak düşegiň üstünde gyzyl reňkler). Günorta-günbatar diwarynda seýrek duşýan balykgulak şekilli diş-diş we ýarym tegelejikler görnüşinde bezelen gönüburçlukda dürli reňkli mahrab ýerleşýär. Iç ýüzüniň diwarynyň ýokarsynda kerpiçlerden ýonulyp arap hatynyň kufi usulynda ýazylan ýazgy bar. Ýazgydan ýokarda sekizgyraňlyga geçip, onuň ýüzi hem nagyşlar bilen bezelipdir. Talhatan baba metjidi (XI a.). Bu metjit 1999-njy ýylda ÝUNESKO-nyň Bütindünýä mirasynyň sanawyna goşuldy. Bu orta asyr metjidi Merwden 30 km günbatarda, obanyň golaýynda gurupdyr. Ol seljuklaryň binagärlik gurluşygynyň we çeperçilik times, forming an architectural complex. The earliest building, notable for its height, dates back to the 12th century. A fragment of the original exterior wall of this building has been preserved on the northwest side inside the mosque, which was added at a later period (possibly the 18th–19th centuries). In 1935-1937, the mausoleum was explored by N. Bachinsky and V. Pilyavsky, during which architectural measurements were taken. Buttresses are constructed on the outside of the walls, helping to reinforce the building to some extent. The collapsed dome of the ancient mausoleum was restored in 1937. Fragments of 12th- century patterns visible from inside the mosque on the front of the northern wall of the mausoleum were also studied. A small but very expressive part of the original remains well preserved. The wall is built using double brickwork, featuring two wide and one narrow rectangular vertical arches. These arches are located within a rectangular niche. The inner and upper parts of the arches are filled with patterns forming complex geometric shapes. The character of the preserved decoration corresponds to the architectural style that flourished during the empire of the Great Seljuk Turkmens. The interior of the building, dating back to the 12th century, retains traces of paintings (white, red, blue, green), and on the southwestern wall there is a mihrab in a rectangular niche decorated with semicircular, rarely seen teeth, painted in various colors. The upper part of the inner wall is made of brick and decorated with an Arabic inscription in the Kufi style. Above the inscription is an octagon, whose surface is also decorated with patterns. Talkhatan Baba Mosque (11th century) is a namazga mosque built in a small village 30 km west of Merv. This monument is a classic example of the construction and artistic achievements of Seljuk architecture. It is a three-span vaulted-domed building of very modest size, facing the courtyard with arched openings on the eastern facade. At the same time, the central domed hall appears almost open to its full width, a mausoleums. It is a cuboid structure with a side length of 27 meters, topped with a dome on a high drum. In the upper part, the cube is surrounded by an openwork arcade of alternating large arched openings revealing the bypass gallery and small arched decorative niches. The corners of the gallery are decorated with round columns, from which decorative brick panels are located through small walls. The arched niches of the gallery are also filled with brick decorations. The mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar was built by the talented Turkmen architect Muhammad ibn Atsiz al-Serakhsi. - Mausoleum of Muhammad ibn Zeid (12th century). On the territory of the State Historical and Cultural Reserve «Ancient Merv», about 2 km northwest of the mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar, there are buildings with domes that have been strengthened and restored at different Hünärmenler ony göwrüm meýilleşdiriliş çözgüdiniň esasynda merkezleşdirilen peştagsyz kümmetine degişli edýärler. Kümmet kub görnüşinde, taraplary 27 metr bolup, onuň üstüni belent gümmez bezeýär. Kubuň ýokarky bölegi gözenek-gözenek täsin aýlawlar bilen gurşalypdyr, olar öwrümli däliz şekilli desgany açýan uly hem kiçi aýlawlaryň gezekleşigini emele getirýär. Däliziň burçlary tegelek sütünler bilen bezelipdir, ondan uzak bolmadyk aralykda kerpiçlerden örülip bezelen gönüburçluk ýerleşýär. Däliziniň arkaly tagçalary hem kerpiç bezegler bilen doldurylypdyr. Soltan Sanjaryň kümmetini türkmen binagäri Muhammet ibn Atsyz as- Sarahsy gurupdyr. Muhammet ibn Zeýdiň kümmeti (XII a.) «Gadymy Merw» taryhy-medeni döwlet goraghanasynyň çäginde, Soltan Sanjaryň kümmetinden, takmynan, 2 km demirgazyk- günbatarda ýerleşýär. Onda üsti gümmezler The Dayakhatyn caravanserai binagärlik çözgüdi ussatlyk bilen ýokary hilli ýerine ýetirlipdir. Daýahatyn kerwensaraýy (Baýhatyn) (XI-XII a.) Türkmenabat şäherinden 176 km demirgazykda, Amyderýanyň çep kenaryndan uzak bolmadyk ýerde ýerleşýär. Daýahatyn kerwensaraýy Amuldan Horezme tarap uzaýan Beýik ýüpek ýolunyň ugrunda ýerleşýän uly duralgalaryň biridir. Bu ýadygärligiň binagärlik gurluşy Beýik seljuk türkmen döwletiniň gülläp ösen döwrüne gabat gelýär. Bu gurluşyk medeniýetiniň aýratynlyklaryny, köplenç, sungaty öwrenijiler binagärlikde «seljuk akymy» diýip atlandyrýarlar. Daýahatyn kerwensaraýy, uly gönüburçly gala diwarlary bilen gurşalyp, ol galanyň merkezinde ýerleşýär. Gala diwarlarynyň burçlarynda tegelek diňler gurlup, onuň aralary gönüburçly diregler bilen berkidilipdir. Kerwensaraýyň girelgesi beýik peştagly arka bilen tapawutlandyrylyp, peştagdan sag we çep tarapyna uzaýan diwarlarynyň ýüzünde deň ölçegli üç sany arap kufi usulynda ýazylan ýazgyly gönüburçlukar bar. Şol döwürde gurlan binalaryň diwar ýüzleri kerpiçlerden «haly» gölleri ýaly täsin bezelipdir. Abu Seýit Mäne babanyň kümmeti (XI a.) orta asyr Meýhene şäheriniň günorta- gündogarynda ýerleşýär. Kümmetiň girelgesi günorta-günbatarda ýerleşip, beýik peştag bilen tapawutlanýar. Peştagyň ýüzi Beýik Seljuk binagärligine mahsus bolan jübüt örümleriň arasyna dikligine gezekleşdirlip, tegbent (bant) bezegler bilen örülipdir. Peştagyň ýüzi XIV asyryň başlaryna syrça bezegler bilen bezelip üýtgedilipdir. Syrça bezegleri binanyň girelgesindäki iki ýarusly arkasynyň ýüzünde gowy saklanypdyr. Syrçaly bezegler geometrik we ösümlik görnüşlerinde ýerine ýetirilipdir. Syrçaly bezeglerde ak, mawy, goýy gök reňkler ulanylypdyr. The Dayakhatyn caravanserai (11th- 12th centuries) is located 176 km north of Turkmenabad (commonly called Baykhatyn), near the left bank of the Amu Darya. The Dayakhatyn caravanserai was one of the major stops along the Great Silk Road between Amul and Khorezm. Its architecture reflects the buildings of the heyday of the Seljuk Turkmen state, and its style is often referred to as the “Seljuk style” by art historians. The caravanserai was built within a large rectangular courtyard enclosed by a fortress wall. The corners of the fortress walls are constructed as round towers. In the sections between the towers, except for the pre-portal area, there are symmetrically arranged rectangular turrets. The entrance to the caravanserai is marked by a tall arched portal, flanked on both sides by three large symmetrical panels adorned with epigraphic decorations. The walls of the buildings from that period were decorated with beautiful brick “carpet” motifs. The mausoleum of Abu Saeed (Meana Baba) (11th century) is located southeast of the medieval town of Meikhene. The entrance to the mausoleum is in the southwest and features a high portal. The surface of the portal is decorated with “bow” patterns arranged vertically between double paired masonry, typical of Seljuk Turkmen period architecture. The portal was reconstructed and decorated with glazed tile ornaments in the early 14th century. The well-preserved tiles are visible on the two-tiered arch of the mausoleum’s entrance portal. The ornaments feature geometric and floral motifs in white, light blue, and dark blue colors. üstünlikleriniň nusgasydyr. Üç bölege bölünen, ýokarsy gümmez bilen örtülen arhitektura ýadygärliginiň arka görnüşli girelgesi gündogarda ýerleşip, howly tarapa bakdyrylypdyr. Onuň merkezinde namaz okamaga niýetlenen metjitlere mahsus gümmezli giň eýwan ýerleşýär. Ýapyk diwaryň günbatar tarapy dört sany deň ölçegli çykgytlara (pilýastrlara) bölünipdir. Çuň bolmadyk tagçalarda ýerleşýän arkalar tegelek sütünlere daýanýar. Bina tutuşlygyna bişen kerpiçden gurlupdyr. Onuň daş we içki diwarlarynyň ýüzi jübüt kerpiç örümleri «bantlar» we beýleki bezegler bilen ýerine ýetirilipdir. Diwarlarynyň içki we daş ýüzüniň bezegleriniň birmeňzeşligi binanyň ajaýyp bitewiligini döredýär. Nagyşlar bilen bezelen mährab merkezi eýwanyň giň geçelgesiniň daş ýüzünden hem synlamak bolýar. Onuň technique typical of mosques such as prayer halls, aimed at expanding the usable space during crowded prayers. The blank western facade is divided into four equal parts by pilasters. Shallow niches between them are blocked by arches resting on rounded half-columns. The building is entirely constructed of burnt brick. On all facades and in the interior, there is masterful ornamental masonry of paired bricks with “bows” and other curly inserts. This uniformity in decoration between the interior and exterior creates an impression of exceptional integrity of the building. The mihrab, set in a patterned frame, is clearly visible from the outside through the wide opening of the central hall. All structures of the monument are exposed (there is no cladding or plaster); the brickwork is constructed with elegance and efficiency. The Talkhatan Baba Mosque
HOREZMŞALAR-
ANUŞTEGINLER DÖWRÜNIŇ
ÝADYGÄRLIKLERI
Muhametdurdy Mamedow Arhitektura ylymlarynyň doktory Maksatmyrat Amanow Sungaty öwreniş ylymlarynyň kandidaty Orta Aziýanyň çäginde orta asyr arhitekturasynyň häsiýetli aýratynlyklarynyň biri hem diň görnüşli desgalarynyň ýokarsy konus ýa-da piramida görnüşli bolmagydyr. Konus ýa-da piramida görnüşli gümmezleriň gelip çykyşy barada dürli pikir-garaýyşlar bar. Diň şekilli kümmetleriň gelip çykyşy baradaky ýaýran we ylymda berk ornaşan esasy pikire laýyklykda, olar Orta Aziýadaky çarwa oguz ýaýlasynda gurlupdyr. Bu pikiri ilkinji gezek akademik G.A.Pugaçenkowa ylmy deliller arkaly subut etmegi başarypdyr [Пугаченкова (1949), 74]. Alymyň belleýşi ýaly, ilkibaşda bu taýpalaryň jaýlamak dessurlary we mazarüsti gurluşyklary bilen bagly, gorgan görnüşli, çig kerpiçden gurlan, ösüş ýolunda Orta Aziýanyň kerpiç minalarynyň nusgalary bilen ýakynlaşyp, olar XI asyrda diň şekilli kümmetleriň anyk arhitektura keşbine öwrülipdir. Bu konsepsiýa wagtyň geçmegi bilen tassyklanylyp gelinýär: goşmaça deliller ony diňe güýçlendirýär. Gürrüň diňe Semireçýeden Kiçi Aziýa çenli oguz-seljuklaryň geçen ýollarynyň ugrunda ýaýran köp sanly üsti çadyr görnüşli üçek bilen ýapylan kümmetler barada däl-de, üçegiň özünde jemleýän many-mazmuny (onuň daşy asman reňkli syrça çaýylan kerpiçler bilen bezelen) barada gidýär. Munuň ýaly şekil we reňk, türki halklarynyň dini düşünjelerine laýyklykda, asman (taňry) bilen arabaglanyşygy aňlatmak bilen, jan bereniň ruhunyň başga dünýä geçmegine ýardam berýär diýlip düşünilipdir. Türkmenistanyň çäginde Köneürgençdäki horezmşalar Il-Arslan (XII asyr) we Tekeşiň (XII — XIII asyrlar) hem-de Törebeg hanymyň (XIV asyr) uly kümmetleri saýlanýar. Mümkin, hut Horezmiň çäklerinden Dehistanyň (Türkmenistanyň günorta-günbataryndaky taryhy sebit) üsti bilen oguz-seljuk ýörişleriniň
MEMORIAL ARCHITECTURE
FROM THE TIME
